Chemical Elements and Biological Compounds

Glycogen is the storage polysaccharide for plants

Which one of these is a structural property of cellulose?

Chitin is the component of [blank_start]fungal walls[blank_end] and [blank_start]exoskeletons[blank_end] of insects and crustaceans. They contain N-acetylgnocosamine (which has [blank_start]Nitrogen[blank_end]). The structure is similar to β [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] but each one of the [blank_start]hydroxyl group[blank_end] is bonded to each [blank_start]monomer[blank_end], which equals to the [blank_start]acetyl amine group[blank_end]. This forms β-1,4 [blank_start]glycosidic bonds[blank_end]. [blank_start]Hydrogen bonds[blank_end] are formed between polymers, which increases the [blank_start]matrix strength[blank_end].

Condensation is the joining of two [blank_start]monosaccharides[blank_end], which creates a molecule of [blank_start]water[blank_end].

Label the sections in colour:

There are about [blank_start]20[blank_end] different amino acids found in humans.

Protein [blank_start]keratin[blank_end] has a high proportion of alpha [blank_start]helix[blank_end] in its secondary structure and protein [blank_start]fibroin[blank_end] has a high proportion of beta [blank_start]pleated sheets[blank_end] in its secondary structure.

Label this water molecule.

Proteins are made of [blank_start]multiple polypeptide chains[blank_end] (known as [blank_start]protein subunits[blank_end]). These refers to the interaction of these [blank_start]subunits[blank_end] and [blank_start]arrangement[blank_end] of aggregate protein complex.

Which one of these are not a property of water?

Water as solvents: Water molecules are [blank_start]dipoles[blank_end] so they attract [blank_start]ions[blank_end] and polar molecules (such as [blank_start]glucose[blank_end]). Chemical reaction takes place in [blank_start]solution[blank_end]. Water transports dissolved substances by [blank_start]plasma[blank_end], in animals, and [blank_start]minerals[blank_end] (through xylem) and [blank_start]sucrose[blank_end] (through phloem) in plants.

Water as a metabolite: Water is used in [blank_start]biochemical reactions[blank_end]. [blank_start]Photosynthesis[blank_end] uses CO2 to produce glucose. [blank_start]Hydrolysis[blank_end] needs water to split up a molecule.

Water has a high specific heat capacity: [blank_start]Large[blank_end] amount of heat energy is needed to raise its temperature, due to the [blank_start]hydrogen[blank_end] bonds restricting movement with [blank_start]increasing[blank_end] kinetic energy. This prevents temperature [blank_start]fluctuations[blank_end] which stabilises aquatic habitats. It allows [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end] and cells to function properly.

Label the table below:

Which of these is not an example of a micronutrient?

Maltose contains α-Glucose and [blank_start]α-Glucose[blank_end]. This is useful in [blank_start]germinating seeds[blank_end]. Lactose contains α-Glucose and [blank_start]Galactose[blank_end]. This is useful in [blank_start]mammalian milk[blank_end]. Sucrose contains α-Glucose and [blank_start]fructose[blank_end]. This is useful in the [blank_start]transport in phloem of flowering plants[blank_end].

Which of these are functions of monosaccharides?

Label the image with the appropriate bond types

Globular proteins are [blank_start]compact[blank_end] and folded so they are [blank_start]soluble[blank_end] in water. Examples of globular proteins are [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end], antibodies, hormones and plasma proteins. Fibrous proteins are long and [blank_start]thin[blank_end] so they are [blank_start]insoluble[blank_end] in water. They have [blank_start]structural[blank_end] functions, as in bones. Fibrous proteins are strong and tough due to the [blank_start]parallel[blank_end] polypeptide chains with many cross-[blank_start]linkages[blank_end]. Tropocollagen, a single fibre, consists of 3 identical polypeptide chains wrapped around each other, linked by [blank_start]hydrogen[blank_end] bonds, which makes it [blank_start]stable[blank_end].

Cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on earth, which makes it a [blank_start]structural[blank_end] polysaccharide. It consists of [blank_start]β glucose[blank_end] in a long, [blank_start]parallel[blank_end] chain shape. Every other β glucose is inverted to [blank_start]180[blank_end]° to form a β [blank_start]1-4 glycosidic bonds[blank_end] and each chain is bonded using [blank_start]hydrogen bonds[blank_end]. Bonded group of chains form [blank_start]microfibrils[blank_end], which groups to form fibrils, to increase the [blank_start]strength[blank_end].

What is the name for the bonds found in triglycerides?