Questão 1
Questão
Neuropathic pain is abnormal signal processes in the CNS and can be peripheral and [blank_start]central[blank_end]
Questão 2
Questão
Examples of peripheral neuropathic pain include (select all that apply):
Questão 3
Questão
A example of central neuropathic pain is fibromyalgia.
Questão 4
Questão
Opioid therapy is not a [blank_start]1st[blank_end] line treatment for neuropathic pain.
Questão 5
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An example of nociceptive pain is tissue [blank_start]damage[blank_end].
Questão 6
Questão
There are two types of nociceptive pain, [blank_start]somatic[blank_end] which includes muscle, skin and bones and [blank_start]visceral[blank_end] which includes organs.
Questão 7
Questão
Acute pain is defined as (select all that apply):
Responda
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Sudden, usually an identifiable cause, less than 3 months in duration
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Usually a response to injury
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Usually nociceptive in nature
Questão 8
Questão
Chronic pain (select all that apply):
Questão 9
Questão
T or F. The WHO analgesic ladder recommends non-opioids in the treatment of mild pain.
Questão 10
Questão
The WHO analgesic ladder recommends the use of opioids along with non-opioid and adjuvant treatments in treating [blank_start]mild[blank_end] to [blank_start]moderate[blank_end] pain.
Questão 11
Questão
The 1st line treatment for mild to [blank_start]moderate[blank_end] pain is Acetaminophen and NSAIDS.
Questão 12
Questão
T or F. Use the max dose of acetiminophen or NSAIDS before proceeding to analgesics.
Questão 13
Questão
T or F. Acetaminophen generally has a favorable side effect profile.
Questão 14
Questão
Two considerations in using NSAIDS are patients with a history of CV disease and [blank_start]GI[blank_end] bleeding.
Questão 15
Questão
Acetaminophen is best for patients with non-inflammatory [blank_start]pain[blank_end] like Osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain.
Questão 16
Questão
T or F. Acetaminophen does not alter platelet functioning.
Questão 17
Questão
Acetaminophen is known to be hepatoxic and can impact [blank_start]liver[blank_end] function.
Questão 18
Questão
There is caution in using acetaminophen in patients with a history of ETOH abuse and hepatic dysfunction.
Questão 19
Questão
Acetaminophen interacts with warfarin/coumadin and prolongs [blank_start]INR[blank_end].
Questão 20
Questão
Acetaminophen is the drug of choice as an analgesic and antypyretic in (select all that apply):
Responda
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Pregnant women
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Lactating women
Questão 21
Questão
NSAIDS have [blank_start]anti-inflammatory[blank_end] and analgesic properties.
Questão 22
Questão
Prescription examples of NSAIDS like Naprosyn has a more [blank_start]rapid[blank_end] onset and Meloxicam has a [blank_start]longer[blank_end] duration of action.
Questão 23
Questão
T or F. NSAIDS are effective treatment for acute and chronic pain and inflammatory conditions.
Questão 24
Questão
GI concerns with the [blank_start]use[blank_end] of NSAIDS includes dyspepsia, ulceration and bleeding.
Questão 25
Questão
T or F. Selective COX 2 inhibitors have less GI Risk.
Questão 26
Questão
Safety concerns and considerations with NSAID with CV disease or thrombotic events include (select all that apply):
Responda
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Nonselective NSAIDs reversibly inhibit platelet function.
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NSAIDS interfere with the cardioprotective effect of aspirin
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Naproxen may have less CV toxicity than comparable doses of other NSAIDS.
Questão 27
Questão
In patients with or at risk for CV disease, NSAIDS should be [blank_start]avoided[blank_end], or, if benefits outweigh risks, use at the [blank_start]lowest[blank_end] effective dose, for the [blank_start]shortest[blank_end] duration necessary.
Questão 28
Questão
T or F. NSAIDS should be avoided in older adults and in pregnancy.
Questão 29
Questão
NSAIDS monitoring should include (select all that apply):
Responda
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Renal function
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Edema
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Blood pressure
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Hgb and Hct
Questão 30
Questão
In some psych patients, NSAIDS may [blank_start]increase[blank_end] lithium levels.
Questão 31
Questão
NSAIDS should also be avoided in patients with a history of (select all that apply):
Questão 32
Questão
T or F. NSAIDS may cause or worsen renal impairment.
Questão 33
Questão
Indomethacin (Indocin) is an NSAID that is used in the treatment of acute [blank_start]gout[blank_end] and specific types of headaches.
Questão 34
Questão
T or F. The MOA for Indomethacin is a potent inhibitory effect on renal prostaglandin synthesis.
Questão 35
Questão
Indomethacin has more frequent [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] side effects and has a higher risk of renal and CV toxicities.
Questão 36
Questão
T or F. Sulindac (Clinoril) is an NSAID which cause more frequent hepatic inflammation, can contribute to the formation of renal calculi and the prescribing of this drug should be limited to specialists.
Questão 37
Questão
Ketorolac is used for moderate pain, comes in tablets or injection and carries a BBW for short term use, less than [blank_start]five[blank_end] days in adults.
Questão 38
Questão
Contraindications and cautions in the use of Ketorolac include (select all that apply):
Responda
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GI
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CV
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Renal
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Bleeding
-
Labor and Delivery
Questão 39
Questão
T or F. Oral Ketorolac is not indicated in pediatrics.
Questão 40
Questão
Topical NSAIDS have a [blank_start]lower[blank_end] risk for systemic effects.
Questão 41
Questão
T or F. Diclofenac (Voltaren) gel is helpful in the relief of OA pain.
Questão 42
Questão
Flector, an NSAID patch is helpful in [blank_start]acute[blank_end] pain due to minor strains, sprains and contusions.
Questão 43
Questão
The MOA of topical lidocaine for pain is blocking the initiation and conduction of [blank_start]nerve[blank_end] impulses.
Questão 44
Questão
T or F. Topical lidocaine is best for neuropathic, local and OA pain.
Questão 45
Questão
Adverse effects of topical lidocaine include local [blank_start]skin[blank_end] irritation.
Questão 46
Questão
T or F. There is a low risk for systemic side effects if topical lidocaine is used properly.
Questão 47
Questão
The following is true of steroid therapy for pain (select all that apply):
Responda
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Has anti-inflammatory properties
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Evidence shows little to no benefit
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Are not generally 1st line
-
Can be considered short term if refractory to NSAIDS.
Questão 48
Questão
A taper is required if steroids like Prednisone or Medrol dose pack are used for more than [blank_start]two[blank_end] weeks.
Questão 49
Questão
T or F. Cortisone can be given as an IM injection and has a short-acting duration of 2-3 days.
Questão 50
Questão
Triamcinolone(Kenalog) [blank_start]and[blank_end] Methylprednisolone (Depo-Medrol) have an intermediate potency and duration.
Questão 51
Questão
Dexamethasone/Decadron has a [blank_start]high[blank_end] potency and long-acting duration up to about [blank_start]ten[blank_end] days.
Questão 52
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T or F. Steroid injections in joints for pain, must be done by a trained provider.
Questão 53
Questão
Major side effects associated with the use of systemic glucocorticoids is often [blank_start]dose[blank_end] -dependent and more likely to occur with [blank_start]long[blank_end]-term use.
Questão 54
Questão
Systemic glucocorticoids can cause elevated [blank_start]blood[blank_end] pressure, mood disorders, psychosis, insomnia, and impact blood sugar by causing hyerglycemia.
Questão 55
Questão
Additional major side effects associated with the use of systemic glucocorticoids includes (select all that apply):
Questão 56
Questão
Muscle relaxants used for pain are to be used short-term for less than [blank_start]two[blank_end] weeks, and should be avoided in patients older than [blank_start]65[blank_end] years.
Questão 57
Questão
The main adverse effect of muscle relaxants for pain is [blank_start]sedation[blank_end].
Questão 58
Questão
T or F. Antispasmodic skeletal muscle relaxants are indicated in the treatment of acute cervical or lumbar pain.
Questão 59
Questão
Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) is not [blank_start]controlled[blank_end] and can be dosed up to [blank_start]three[blank_end] times a day if needed.
Questão 60
Questão
T or F. Tizanidine (Zanaflex) is an Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist.
Questão 61
Questão
Carisoprodol (Soma) is a [blank_start]controlled[blank_end] substance that can cause respiratory [blank_start]depression[blank_end] and physical and psycholgic [blank_start]dependence[blank_end].
Responda
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controlled
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dependence
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depression
Questão 62
Questão
Treatment options for chronic pain include (select all that apply):
Responda
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Pharmacologic
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Physical medicine like PT and massage
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Behavioral medicine (CBT and biofeedback)
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Neuromodulation (TENS and spinal cord stimulation)
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Interventional (Percutaneous injections of glucocorticoid and/or local anesthetic
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Surgery (spinal fusion for example)
Questão 63
Questão
Treatment of chronic pain should be a multidisciplinary effort, using multiple approaches and collaborative care models to improve pain management and patient [blank_start]outcomes[blank_end].
Questão 64
Questão
[blank_start]Medication[blank_end] should not be the sole focus of treatment, but should be used when according to evidence-ased recommendations to meet treatment goals and in conjunction with other treatment modalities.
Questão 65
Questão
T or F. Adjuvants for chronic pain include anticonvulsants and antidepressants; they enhance analgesia and manage other symptoms associated with pain like depression and anxiety.
Questão 66
Questão
Gabapentin (Neurontin) and pregablin (Lyrica) have proven efficacy versus placebo in several neuropathic [blank_start]pain[blank_end] conditions.
Questão 67
Questão
Adverse effects of anticonvulsants like gabapentin and pregabalin for pain include [blank_start]dizziness[blank_end] and sedation.
Questão 68
Questão
T or F. When using anticonvulsants as an adjuvant in pain management, start it with a low dose with gradual increases until pain relief.
Questão 69
Questão
Pregabalin is controlled , reported to cause [blank_start]euphoria[blank_end] and is a Schedule [blank_start]V[blank_end].
Questão 70
Questão
T or F. There are some reports of misuse with gabapentin.
Questão 71
Questão
Venlafaxine (Effexor) and Duloxetine (Cymbalta) are [blank_start]SNRI's[blank_end] that may provide [blank_start]pain[blank_end] relief separate from their anti-depressant effect.
Questão 72
Questão
T or F. The analgesic effects of SNRI's appear to occure early and at lower doses.
Questão 73
Questão
SNRI's are helpful treating pain from [blank_start]diabetic[blank_end] neuropathy, fibromyalgia and chronic musculoskeletal pain.
Questão 74
Questão
T or F. SNRI's would have to be tapered gradually to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Questão 75
Questão
[blank_start]TCA's[blank_end] like amitriptyline (Elavil) are associated with multiple side-effects and do not carry a indication for [blank_start]pain[blank_end] management.
Questão 76
Questão
In patients with chronic kidney disease and the elderly avoid [blank_start]NSAIDS[blank_end] and COX 2 inhibitors like Celebrex.
Questão 77
Questão
T or F. Avoid NSAIDS with peptic ulcer disease and glucocorticoid use.
Questão 78
Questão
In patients with cardiovascular disease or risk, use the lowest effective dose of NSAIDS; in patients who require treatment consider [blank_start]naproxen[blank_end].
Questão 79
Questão
Opioids are indicated for moderate to [blank_start]severe[blank_end] pain, are controlled drugs and powerful analgesics.
Questão 80
Questão
T or F. When combined with acetaminophen and ibuprofen, opioids provide better pain control than if they are used alone.
Questão 81
Questão
Opioids are [blank_start]Mu[blank_end] receptor agonists.
Questão 82
Questão
Mu1 [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] correlate to supraspinal analgesia, bradycardia and sedation.
Questão 83
Questão
Mu2 [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] correlate to respiratory depression, euphoria and physical dependence
Questão 84
Questão
Delta [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] correlate to spinal analgesia and respiratory depression.
Questão 85
Questão
Kappa [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] correlate to spinal analgesia, respiratory depression and sedation.
Questão 86
Questão
Higher potency opioids like morphine, hydromorphone and fentanyl are reserved for [blank_start]severe[blank_end] pain.
Questão 87
Questão
Literature suggests opioids should only be used on a chronic basis in patients (select all that apply):
Responda
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Have persistent pain despite trials of non-opioid analgesics and other options
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Are at low risk for substance abuse
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Should be referred to a pain management specialist.
Questão 88
Questão
Tramadol (Ultram) is a centrally acting weak [blank_start]agonist[blank_end] of opioid receptors which also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and causes [blank_start]serotonin[blank_end] release.
Questão 89
Questão
T or F. Ultram is a Schedule IV controlled substance and has a higher risk for drug interaction due to hepatic metabolism due to CYP-450.
Questão 90
Questão
Adverse effects of tramadol (Ultram) include (select all that apply):
Questão 91
Questão
Tramadol (Ultram) should be avoided in patients with a history of [blank_start]addiction[blank_end] or substance abuse and is not FDA approved for [blank_start]pediatric[blank_end] use.
Questão 92
Questão
T or F. Tramadol (Ultram) would need to be tapered if discontinuing after prolonged use.
Questão 93
Questão
Current evidence supports the role of opioid therapy in more severe forms of [blank_start]acute[blank_end] pain and in [blank_start]cancer[blank_end] pain.
Questão 94
Questão
There is limited evidence for effectiveness of [blank_start]long[blank_end]-term opioid therapy for pain relief and improved functional outcomes.
Questão 95
Questão
T or F. Opioid administration in chronic non-cancer pain remains controversial.
Questão 96
Questão
Adverse effects of opioids include sedation and the highest risk for respiratory depression is in opioid [blank_start]naive[blank_end] patients.
Questão 97
Questão
There is a higher risk for [blank_start]respiratory[blank_end] depression in the elderly, COPD and severe asthma.
Questão 98
Questão
Additional adverse effects of opioids includes (select all that apply):
Responda
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Euphoria/Dysphoria
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Dyspepsia
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Itching due to histamine release
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Urinary retention
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Constipation
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Hyperalgesia-nociceptive sensitization (increased pain)
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Decreased libido (increase prolactin, decreased cortisol, LH, FSH, estrogen and testosterone)
Questão 99
Questão
Opioid overdose [blank_start]risk[blank_end] increases with increased dosing.
Questão 100
Questão
The most common opioids involved in overdose deaths include (select all that appy):
Responda
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Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
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Oxycodone (Oxycontin)
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Oxymorphone (Opana)
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Methadone
Questão 101
Questão
Benzodiazepines and opioids should [blank_start]not[blank_end] be co-prescribed.
Questão 102
Questão
T or F. Between 1999-2003, adults ages 25-54 had the highest overdose rates.
Questão 103
Questão
Opioid naive patients have the [blank_start]highest[blank_end] risk for overdose death in the first two weeks of treatment and are defined as patients who have not received opioids for one week or longer at doses defined by the FDA for tolerance.
Questão 104
Questão
According to the FDA, patients who are opioid-tolerant have been taking opioids for a 1 [blank_start]week[blank_end] or longer in the following doses: at least 60mg of oral morphine QD, 25 mcg of transdermal fentanyl per hour, 30 mg oral oxycodone QD, 8 mg hydromorphone QD, 25 mg of oxymorphone QD or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid.
Questão 105
Questão
Equianlagesic dosing is defined as the dose in [blank_start]steady[blank_end] state providing the same analgesic response also know as morphine equivalent dosing.
Questão 106
Questão
T or F. Morphine is the gold standard for comparison of all pain relieving meds and serves as a reference point for analgesic potency.
Questão 107
Questão
T or F. Morphine 30mg PO is equivalent to hydromorphone 7.5 mg PO.
Questão 108
Questão
There is substantial interpatient variability in relative potency of different opioid [blank_start]drugs[blank_end].
Questão 109
Questão
When changing from one opioid to another, it is preferable to consider initially underestimating requirements and provide rescue medication as needed to [blank_start]avoid[blank_end] potentially fatal overdose.
Questão 110
Questão
T or F. The elderly are more susceptible to the adverse effects of opioids and the NP should consider starting at 1/2 the typical starting dose.
Questão 111
Questão
Opioids should not be prescribed in [blank_start]pregnancy[blank_end].
Questão 112
Questão
Neonatal abstinence syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity, abnormal sleep patterns, high pitched [blank_start]cry[blank_end], tremor, vomiting, diarrhea and failure to gain weight.
Questão 113
Questão
T or F. Pregnant women who are dependent on opioids should be referred to a specialist who will likely place them on methadone or buprenorphine.
Questão 114
Questão
Dependence is the emergence of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is abruptly discontinued or the dose is rapidly decreased, and usually occurs after taking the drug for [blank_start]one[blank_end] month or longer.
Questão 115
Questão
T or F. Dependence is a component of addiction, but not all patients with dependence are addicts.
Questão 116
Questão
Opioid withdrawal signs and symptoms include (select all that apply)
Responda
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Diaphoresis
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HTN
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Tachycarida
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Lacrimation
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Shivering
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Piloerection
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N/V/D
-
Rhinorrhea
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Sleeplessness
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Restlessness
Questão 117
Questão
T or F. Additional symptoms of opioid withdrawal include tremors, dysphoria, anxiety, mood volatility, abdominal cramping, bone pains and diffuse muscle aches, as well as strong drug cravings.
Questão 118
Questão
Tolerance is defined as increasing amounts of opioid [blank_start]are[blank_end] required to produce an equivalent level of efficacy.
Questão 119
Questão
T or F. Tolerance typically does not develop in patient with cancer who are treated for pain.
Questão 120
Questão
Addiction is characterized as a psychological and behavioral syndrome, with extreme behavior patterns that are associated with procuring and consuming the [blank_start]drug[blank_end].
Questão 121
Questão
Features of opioid addiction include (select all that apply):
Questão 122
Questão
Maladaptive behavior associated with addiction include (select all that apply):
Responda
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Adverse consequences due to drug use
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Loss of control over drug use
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Preoccupation with obtaining opioids
Questão 123
Questão
Prescription drug [blank_start]misuse[blank_end] is using the prescribed drug outside of the intent for which it was prescribed and includes using to "get high". having multiple prescribers or non-prescribed sources for the medication, and concurrent use of alcohol, illicit substances or non-prescribed opioid controlled medications.
Questão 124
Questão
Risk factors associated with increased risk for opioid misuse include (select all that apply):
Responda
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Personal or family history of substance use disorder
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Mental health disorder, to include depression or PTSD
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History of legal problems or incarceration
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Age less than 40-45 years old
Questão 125
Questão
Aberrant behaviors associated with addiction include (select all that apply):
Questão 126
Questão
The DSM-5 definition of Opioid Use Disorder is a problematic pattern of opioid use leading to clinically significant impairment of distress, as manifested by at least [blank_start]2[blank_end] specific behaviors in a [blank_start]12[blank_end] month period: larger amounts/longer period; persistent desire for opioid; spending excessive time to obtain, use or recover from the effects of opioids.
Questão 127
Questão
[blank_start]Medication[blank_end] Assisted Treatment or MAT, may be used to treat opioid use disorder and includes naltrexone (mild d./o). buprenorphine and methadone (moderate to severe) and naloxone (mild, moderate, severe)
Questão 128
Questão
Indications for tapering in chronic opioid therapy include (select all that apply):
Responda
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Violation of pain contract/abberant drug related behaviors
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Lack of progress toward therapeutic goals
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Intolerable adverse effects
Questão 129
Questão
When tapering opioids, it is recommended to reduce the dose by [blank_start]10[blank_end]% each week.
Questão 130
Questão
T or F. Clonidine can be used to treat the diarrhea and muscle pain associated with opiate withdrawal and Zolpidem or Doxepin for sleep issues.
Questão 131
Questão
Methadone is a long-acting synthetic opioid [blank_start]agonist[blank_end] with dual-mechanism on the Mu and NMDA receptor, and is a Schedule [blank_start]II[blank_end] controlled substance.
Questão 132
Questão
The following is true of methadone (select all that apply):
Responda
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Is reserved as an advanced therapy for severe pain when other conventional therapies fail
-
Is highly regulated and only available at specialized clinics
-
Is difficult to dose, potenitally lethal in overdose
-
Has many drug interactions and adverse reactions
Questão 133
Questão
Buprenorphine is a [blank_start]synthetic[blank_end] opioid, used for severe pain (just an FYI, our doctors at my hospital say it is illegal to prescribe it for pain) and opioid dependence and is considered a partial Mu-opioid [blank_start]agonist[blank_end] and is a Schedule [blank_start]III[blank_end] controlled substance.
Questão 134
Questão
T or F. Buprenorphine can only be prescribed by specially trained MD's and NP.
Questão 135
Questão
T or F. Buprenorphine combined with the antagonist naloxone is called Suboxone.
Questão 136
Questão
T or F. There are critical opioid interactions with CNS depressants and alcohol.
Questão 137
Questão
T or F. Many drugs can inhibit or induce the metabolism of opioids and raise or lower serum opioid levels, leading to increase risk for respiratory depression or sedation, or cause the development of withdrawal symptoms.
Questão 138
Questão
The following drugs may induce the metabolism of opioids (select all that apply)
Responda
-
St. John's Wort
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Phenobarbital
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Phenytonin
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Rifampin
Questão 139
Questão
T or F. Naloxone (Narcan) competitively binds to opioid receptors without producing analgesic response.
Questão 140
Questão
Pain medications that are scheduled include (select all that apply):
Responda
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Opioids
-
Lyrica (Pregabaliin)
-
Soma (Carisoprodol)
-
Fioricet with codiene
Questão 141
Questão
Schedule [blank_start]I[blank_end] drugs have no currently accepted medical use in the US and have a high potential for abuse.
Questão 142
Questão
Schedule [blank_start]II[blank_end] drugs have a high potential for abuse, which may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence, can only be prescribed with a max [blank_start]30[blank_end] day quantity, no refills, no [blank_start]verbal[blank_end] orders (hard copy of the Rx required).
Questão 143
Questão
Schedule [blank_start]III[blank_end] drugs have a potential for abuse less than substances in Schedules I/II, and abuse may lead to moderate or low physical depedence or high psychological dependene, can prescibe a max [blank_start]6[blank_end] month supply and verbal orders are allowed.
Questão 144
Questão
Schedule [blank_start]IV[blank_end] drugs have a low potential for abuse relative to the substances in Schedule III, can have a max 6 month supply, verbal orders are [blank_start]allowed[blank_end] and includes several benzodiazipines like Xanax, Kolnopin and Valium.
Questão 145
Questão
Schedule [blank_start]V[blank_end] drugs have a low potential for abuse relative to substances listed in Schedule IV and consist primarily of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics, like cough preparations with codeine.
Questão 146
Questão
The five A' s framework for follow-up of patients prescribed chronic opioids includes (select all that apply):
Questão 147
Questão
T or F. Urine Drug Testing can be used to determine if the patient is taking the controlled substance as prescribed and/or if the patient is taking other drugs that may interfere with safe prescribing of controlled drugs.