Questão 1
Questão
Learning about another culture is often greatest
Responda
-
Once the anthropologist has been accepted as a member of the group
-
Following a rupture of communication between anthropologist and informant
-
ONce the anthropologist has learned to avoid culture shock
Questão 2
Questão
Cultural Anthropological fieldwork is
Responda
-
Not always done in a Non-western society
-
A collaborative effort on the part of both anthropologist & Informant
-
Responsible for the majority of anthropological knowledge
-
All of the above
Questão 3
Questão
Eric Luke Lassiter urges that ethnographers go beyond the dialectic of fieldwork to do what?
Responda
-
Produce collaborative written ethnographic texts in which informants become "co-intellectuals" alongside the trained ethnographer
-
Move in with their informants and become one of them
-
Abandon ethnographic writing for activism
Questão 4
Questão
The ethnographic research method that relies primarily on face-to-face contact with people as they go about their daily lives is called
Responda
-
Interviewing
-
Scientific Observation
-
Participant Observation
Questão 5
Questão
The production of objective knowledge about reality that is absolute and true for all times and places is a goal of -
Responda
-
Anthropology
-
Positivism
-
Fieldwork
Questão 6
Questão
The people who become a cultural anthropoligst's key informants tend to be-
Questão 7
Questão
According to the test, anthropological knowledge is
Responda
-
Subjective
-
Intersubjective
-
Objective
Questão 8
Questão
The dialectic of fieldwork refers to the
Responda
-
Personal and financial connection between the anthropologists and the informants
-
Mutual construction of cross-cultural knowledge about the informant's culture by anthropologist and informant together
-
Gradual discovery of the truth about a society through the anthropologist's careful research
Questão 9
Questão
Which of the following is involved in deciding where an anthropologist will do his or her fieldwork?
Responda
-
Intellectual debates in anthropology
-
Whether visas and research clearances are available in a specific country
-
The interests of funding agencies
-
All of the above
Questão 10
Questão
The jolt that often accompanies an encounter with cultural practices that are unexpected and unfamiliar is called
Responda
-
Participant-observation
-
Dialogue
-
Culture Shock
Questão 11
Questão
An extended period of research during which an anthropologist gathers firsthand data about life in a particular society is called
Responda
-
Fieldwork
-
Graduate School
-
Scientific Observation
Questão 12
Questão
What are "rich points", according to Michael Agar
Responda
-
Cases with many different meanings
-
Moments when the anthropologist's informants finally figure out the questions being asked
-
Unexpected moments when problems in cross-cultural understanding emerge
Questão 13
Questão
Which of the following is not an approach to ethnographic fieldwork?
Questão 14
Questão
Political conquest of one society by another, followed by cultural domination with enforced social change is a definition of-
Responda
-
Capitalism
-
Colonialism
-
Feudalism
Questão 15
Questão
The theory that proposed a series of stages through which all societies had passed or must pass to reach civilization is called
Questão 16
Questão
Which of the following was an effect of the fur trade on the indigenous people of North America?
Responda
-
They were able to ignore it for long periods of time
-
It caused serious problems for those groups that were dedicated to it once the fur-bearing animals were gone
-
It led to the development of cole ties between indigenous peoples and the major nations of Europe and Asia
Questão 17
Questão
A small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm nor herd, but depend on wild food resources is called a
Questão 18
Questão
Which of the following statements about the fate of non-Western peoples in the wake of European exploration conquest, colonization, and decolonization is FALSE?
Responda
-
European contact affect these societies in a radical way
-
Fragments of precontact societies survive today
-
An impressive variety of forms of human society remain, despite the Western onslaught
-
Life in the non-Western world today remains timeless and unchanged
Questão 19
Questão
Continued economic and political influence by former colonial powers following the political independanece of their former colonies is called
Responda
-
Neocolonialism
-
Capitalism
-
Colonialism
Questão 20
Questão
The key metaphor of capitalism is
Questão 21
Questão
A hierarchical, stratified society in which some groups permanently monopolize wealth, power, and prestige is called a
Responda
-
State
-
Band
-
Tribe
-
Chiefdom
Questão 22
Questão
The study of the sound of language is called
Responda
-
Phonology
-
Morphology
-
Syntax
-
Semantics
Questão 23
Questão
The study of language ideology discloses which of the following?
Responda
-
Speakers' basic understandings of the world
-
Power differences in the social world of the speakers
-
Universal grammatical features of languages
-
Both a and b
Questão 24
Questão
The design feature of language called "openness" refers to the
Responda
-
Possibility of speaking without fear of a censor
-
Capacity of putting the speaker's true feelings into words
-
Ability to create new linguistic messages freely and easily
-
Connection between sound and brain
Questão 25
Questão
Nonhuman primates cannot communicate vocally about absent or nonexistent objects or past or future events. Thus, their call systems lack the linguistic design feature of
Responda
-
Complete feedback
-
Displacement
-
Discreteness
Questão 26
Questão
Human linguistic messages can be false, and they can be meaningless in the logician's sense. This highlights the linguistic design feature of
Responda
-
Interchangeability
-
Prevarication
-
Duality of patterning
-
Reflexiveness
Questão 27
Questão
The mastery of adult grammar is called
Responda
-
Specialization
-
Discreteness
-
Communicative competence
-
Linguistic competence
Questão 28
Questão
Human languages are patterned at different levels, and the patterns that characterize one level cannot be reduced to the pattern of any other level. Hockett recognized this phenomenon in which of his linguistic design features?
Responda
-
Duality of patterning
-
Reflexiveness
-
Specialization
-
Displacement
Questão 29
Questão
Which component of language is concerned with the way in which words are put together?
Responda
-
Phonology
-
Morphology
-
Syntax
-
Semantics
Questão 30
Questão
The transfer of information from one person to another is
Responda
-
Communication
-
Language
-
Speech
Questão 31
Questão
Religious specialists skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which they carry out for the benefit of the group, are called
Questão 32
Questão
In some religious systems, certain objects or people may not be touched or else the cosmic power in them may drain away. This feature is captured in the minimal category of religion called
Responda
-
Physiological exercise
-
Mana
-
Sacrifice
-
Taboo
Questão 33
Questão
To many people, the American flag stands for the "American way." The flag is thus an example of a(n)
Responda
-
Elaborating symbol
-
Summarizing symbol
-
Personal symbol
-
Archetype
Questão 34
Questão
Syncretism involves
Responda
-
Discarding the old ways and embracing the new
-
Resisting the new ways and defending the old
-
Combining the old and the new in an attempt to cope with change circumstances
Questão 35
Questão
The growth of Western science contributed to the rise of which of the following kinds of key metaphor?
Responda
-
Societal
-
Technological
-
Religious
-
Organic
Questão 36
Questão
How do the congregants at the evangelical Vineyard Christian Fellowship appear to explain misfortune?
Responda
-
Victims have been attacked by witchcraft made by unknown enemies
-
They do not offer any cause for misfortune, but instead seek solutions in their religious practices for it.
-
Misfortune stems from social forces beyond their control
Questão 37
Questão
When one worldview is backed by the powerful in society and alternative worldviews are censored, many social scientists would start to call the dominant worldview
Responda
-
A philosophy
-
An Ideology
-
Secularism
-
A religion
Questão 38
Questão
Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of a particular society are called
Responda
-
Metaphors
-
Schemas
-
Experiential gestalts
-
Worldviews
Questão 39
Questão
Part-time religious practitioners who are believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly are called
Responda
-
Shamans
-
Priests
-
Oracles
-
Witches
Questão 40
Questão
The separation of religion and state following the European Englightenment is called
Responda
-
Democracy
-
Multiculturalism
-
Orthopraxy
-
Secularism
Questão 41
Questão
When the characteristics of human beings are attributed to nonhuman entities, this is an example of
Responda
-
A technological metaphor
-
An organic metaphor
-
Personification
-
Both b and c
Questão 42
Questão
The Azande use chicken for
Questão 43
Questão
Which of the following are analytic, providing people with categories for thinking about the order of the world?
Responda
-
Elaborating symbols
-
Summarizing symbols
-
Personal symbols
-
National symbols
Questão 44
Responda
-
Words
-
Images
-
Actions
-
All of the above
Questão 45
Questão
What is the conscious, deliberate attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis by defending their own way of life?
Responda
-
Syncretism
-
Revitalization
-
Communitas
-
Liminality
Questão 46
Questão
For anthropologists, "religion" includes
Questão 47
Questão
The kinship is created by birth is called
Responda
-
Collaterality
-
Bifurcation
-
Affinity
-
Consanguinity
Questão 48
Questão
A descent group formed by people who can specify their connections to one another through parent-child links to a common ancestor is a
Responda
-
Lineage
-
Clan
-
Tribe
-
Moiety
Questão 49
Questão
For anthropologists, a nuclear family is made up of
Questão 50
Questão
Kinship terminologies suggest
Responda
-
The boundaries of the significant groups in the society
-
Where cleavages within groups are likely to occur
-
The structure of rights and obligations assigned to different members of the society
-
All of the above
Questão 51
Questão
In addition to establishing links between generations through descent, kinship serves to establish
Responda
-
Legitimacy of children
-
Residence rules
-
Inheritance rules
-
All of the above
Questão 52
Questão
According to Benedict Anderson, "imagined communities" are
Responda
-
Groups whose members' knowledge of one another does not come from regular face-to-face interactions but is based on shared experiences with national institutions such as schools and government bureaucracies
-
All communities larger than primordial villages of face-to-face contact
-
Social groups that have existed since the beginning of time
-
Both a and b
Questão 53
Questão
Families in which several generations live together in a single household are called
Responda
-
Nuclear families
-
Extended families
-
Joint families
Questão 54
Questão
The study of kinship became important in anthropology because
Responda
-
Kinship could be reduced to biology and thus could make cross-culutral comparison objective
-
It showed how people could maintain social order without the institution of the state
-
It enabled anthropologists to explain why some societies had remained primitive and others had advanced
-
Kinship no longer existed in Western societies
Questão 55
Questão
Kinship relations based on nurturance are called
Responda
-
Marriage
-
Adoption
-
Descent
Questão 56
Questão
Kinship relationships based on birth are called
Responda
-
Descent
-
Marriage
-
Adoption
Questão 57
Questão
Which of the following observations about kinship is stressed by the authors of the text?
Responda
-
Different societies have chosen to highlight some features of the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance while downplaying or ignoring others
-
Kinship is reducible to biology
-
Kinship is a difficult and complex set of rules that societies follow
Questão 58
Questão
Kinship relationships derived from mating are called
Responda
-
Descent
-
Marriage
-
Adoption
Questão 59
Questão
The kinship tie created by marriage is called
Responda
-
Collaterality
-
Bifurcation
-
Affinity
-
Consanguinity
Questão 60
Questão
According to the text, culture consists of
Responda
-
those elements of the human experience that require education and good taste, such as art, music, and dance
-
sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society
-
set of innate instincts that enable humans to function in a complex world
Questão 61
Questão
A comparative study of many cultures is called
Responda
-
ethnography
-
ethnohistory
-
ethnology
Questão 62
Questão
To claim that members of a particular social group do not typically eat insects because they have learned to label insects as inedible is to use an explanation based on
Responda
-
genetic programming
-
biology
-
ethnocentriscm
-
culture
Questão 63
Questão
A description of a particular culture is called an
Responda
-
ethnology
-
ethnography
-
ethnohistory
Questão 64
Questão
To be very poor and powerless in Haiti is to increase the likelihood that one will suffer
Responda
-
Disease
-
Hunger
-
Suffering
-
Violence
-
All of the above
Questão 65
Questão
Which of the following statements best describes culture-bound syndromes as described as described in the text?
Questão 66
Questão
Charles Leslie employed the term "cosmopolitan medicine" to
Responda
-
Emphasize that the practice of medicine is something found primarily in urban areas
-
Indicate that non-Western medical beliefs and practices are best understood as cultural systems
-
Suggest that biomedical approaches were one of a number of possible alternatives available to many people in multicultural societies
Questão 67
Questão
When AIDS patients in Brazil organized politically to protest the cost of drugs that effectively deprived the poor of access to effective therapy for their condition
Responda
-
They exhibited a social identity based on shared medical diagnosis
-
They demanded that the state acknowledge that health was a human right
-
They asserted their biological legitimacy
-
They made the government respond to their citizen's health needs
-
All of the above
Questão 68
Questão
Severe suffering caused by forces and agents beyond individual control is called
Responda
-
Stress
-
Trauma
-
Torture
-
Structural context
Questão 69
Questão
Use of the term "suffering" by many medical anthropologists to describe forms of distress experienced by individuals suggests
Responda
-
That they believe that biomedical understandings of health and disease should not be used
-
That they believe that biomedical understandings of health and disease are not universal
-
A person's coping strategies can be maladaptive
Questão 70
Questão
Although biomedicine has held that certain experiences can be taken as a sign of mental disturbance
Responda
-
The case of evangelical Christians suggests how "hearing voices" can be good for people
-
Believing in the ability of nonmaterial objects to penetrate the body is a clear indicator of emerging psychosis
-
The experience of virtual reality gamers demonstrates that a divided self need not indicate a psychotic condition
-
Both a and c
Questão 71
Questão
Structural violence results from
Responda
-
Residual damage when buildings, bridges, or other similar structures collapse
-
The way that political and economic forces structure risk for suffering within a population
-
Military operations that are the result of civil war and interal unrest
Questão 72
Questão
Researchers who consider the connection between aspects of culture, socioeconoic conditions, politics, and human health in what subfield of anthroplogy?
Responda
-
Biological
-
Archaeology
-
Medical Anthropology
Questão 73
Questão
The primary lesson to be learned from the example provided in the text regarding lactose intolerance is that
Responda
-
South Asians become sick when they try to consume powdered milk
-
Adults who are able to absorb lactose from milk effectively appear to be genetically related to human populations with a history of dairying
-
Most human infants are able to absorb lactose
Questão 74
Questão
Based on the explanations provided in the textbook, one way we might distinguish between "disease" and "illness" is to say
Responda
-
That whereas disease is universal, illness applies only to particular cultural groups
-
That disease refers to biological processes recognized and described within biomedicine, whereas illness is described as an individual's own interpretation of his or her suffering
-
That disease refers to more serious forms of illness that needs to be treated by scientific medicine
Questão 75
Questão
Symbolically important goods transferred from the family of the groom to the family of the bride in exchange for the loss of the bride's labor and childbearing capacity are called
Responda
-
Bridewealth
-
Bloodwealth
-
Dowry
Questão 76
Questão
Gay and lesbian activists studied by Kath Weston in San Francisco in the 1980s based their theory of family ties on
Responda
-
Birth
-
Descent
-
Marriage
-
Nurturance
Questão 77
Questão
In Zumbagua, Ecuador, a family is defined as
Questão 78
Questão
A transfer of wealth, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of her marriage, is called
Responda
-
Bridewealth
-
Bloodwealth
-
Dowry
Questão 79
Questão
The distinction made between the mother's side of the family and the father's side of the family is called
Responda
-
Collaterality
-
Bifurcation
-
Affinity
Questão 80
Questão
Every religious system in the world has a customary way of addressing the supernatural. This feature is captured by the minimal category of religion called
Questão 81
Questão
Metaphors, or the symbols that represent them, can be used as instruments of power when
Responda
-
They are under the direct control of a person wishing to affect the behavior of others
-
They are used for reference or in support of certain conduct
-
Some people are able to impose their metaphors on others
-
All of the above
Questão 82
Questão
According to the text, what keeps cultural anthropology from being one person's subjective impression of other people?
Responda
-
The fact that fieldwork is dialogue
-
The fact that anthropology is a science
-
The fact that anthropologists are trained to avoid ethnocentrism
Questão 83
Questão
According to David Hess, cited in the test, what is a fact?
Responda
-
A piece of reality
-
A taken-for-granted item of common knowledge
-
What is left when everything is explained
-
Whatever the anthropologist says it is, after careful research
Questão 84
Questão
"Rich Points," Michael Agar's expression discussed in the text, are
Responda
-
Cases with many different meanings
-
Places where the anthropologists must pay more for information because it is so sensitive
-
Unexpected moments when problems in cross-cultural understanding emerge
Questão 85
Questão
Field data are the product of long discussions between researcher and informant in which both try to figure out a world that they share. In a word, they are
Responda
-
Objective
-
Subjective
-
Intersubjective
Questão 86
Questão 87
Questão
Positivists accept that
Responda
-
Reality can be known through the five senses
-
It is necessary to sensitive to the way things ought to be and not just they way things are
-
Human beings are significantly different from other kinds of natural phenomena
Questão 88
Questão
Which of the following is NOT an approach to ethnographic fieldwork?
Questão 89
Questão
The work of many American anthropologists in the early part of the 20th century was called the "salvage ethnography" because
Responda
-
It was carried out among so-called "savage" peoples
-
Officials in state and national government were trying to eliminate the Bureau of Ethnology
-
It was widely believed that the people among whom the anthropologists worked were doomed to disappear
Questão 90
Questão
Western European contact with the rest of the world was
Questão 91
Questão
A holistic term that attempts to capture the centrality of material interest and the use of power to defend the interest is
Responda
-
Political economy
-
Sacred persuasion
-
Secular persuasion
Questão 92
Questão
Classifications of human societies help us to
Responda
-
Perceive the sharp boundaries that separate societies from one another
-
See some of the ways societies are similar and different, while obscuring others
-
Understand why some societies are more advanced than others
Questão 93
Questão
If people, practices, or artifacts could move across social boundaries in the ways that boas and his students showed then this suggested that
Responda
-
The boundaries around societies were not impermeable
-
The supposedly firm boundaries around biological "races" were vulnerable to critique
-
Any particular association of linguistic and cultural practices with a particular human population was an artifact in history
-
All of the above
Questão 94
Questão
Which of the following was NOT a stage in the unilineal cultural evolutionist's model?
Responda
-
Barbarism
-
Civilization
-
Savagery
-
Tribalism
Questão 95
Questão
The term culture area refers to a geographical region
Responda
-
In which a particular stage of cultural evolution has been reached
-
In which all societies can be classified as representatives of the same structural-functional type
-
Marking the limits of the diffusion of a particular cultural trait or set of traits
Questão 96
Questão
When Europeans first established commercial relationships in Africa
Responda
-
Within 10 years, they had conquered deeply into the continent
-
The Africans welcomed them as liberators from the cruel rulers of the coastal empires
-
They were not allowed to penetrate very far inland for more than 400 years
Questão 97
Questão
Political independence for colonies
Responda
-
Led to a return to traditional ways
-
Made little economic difference
-
Allowed the citizens of new states to take complete control of their own economic destinies
-
Both a & c
Questão 98
Questão
According to Marshall Sahlins, which of the following is a route to affluence?
Responda
-
Colonial conquest
-
producing much
-
Desiring little
-
Both b & c
Questão 99
Questão
According to the test, the division between food collectors and food producers illustrates a distinction between different kinds of
Responda
-
Survival strategies
-
nourishment strategies
-
subsistence strategies
Questão 100
Questão
To the question, "why do people x raise peanuts and sorghum" malinowski would reply
Responda
-
To meet their basic human need for food
-
Because peanuts and sorghum are the only food available in their ecozone that, when cultivated will meet their needs
-
Because both foods taken together provide complete proteins
Questão 101
Questão
Sometimes Western commodities are
Responda
-
rejected by vulnerable groups
-
used by local people for their own purposes, rather than for the purpose fr which they were originally designed
-
used to enrich culture
-
all of the above
Questão 102
Questão
The using up of material good necessary for human survival is called
Responda
-
Production
-
distribution
-
exchange
-
consumption
Questão 103
Responda
-
Consciously adapted
-
pleasurable
-
transformative
-
all of the above
Questão 104
Questão
Some scholars have proposed that play is connected with
Questão 105
Questão
Metacommunication refers to
Responda
-
communication systems in advanced societies
-
communication about communication
-
ordinary communication studied out of context
Questão 106
Questão
Where humor critical of rulers is censored, such humor
Questão 107
Questão
Which of the following statements about sport is true?
Responda
-
In the world of institutionalized sport, play is the work of the players
-
play is only one component of sport
-
even if a sport has become institutionalized, the spectators are still playing
-
all of the above
Questão 108
Questão
According to Christian Bromberger, French and Italian soccer fans are fascinated by the game because
Responda
-
The course of a match resembles the uncertain fate of people in the contemporary world
-
At the end they have a clear-cut demonstration of who the winners and losers are
-
Of the predictability of players' choise
Questão 109
Questão
Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation is a definition of
Questão 110
Questão
A Javanese artist makes a puppet of the great mythic hero Arjuna out of water buffalo hide for use in the shadow puppet plays call wajang. This is an example of what the text calls
Questão 111
Questão
Artists in non-western societies
Responda
-
are divorced from everyday life
-
produce work that is more interesting to western collectors than it is to the people in their own societies
-
work with symbols that are of central importance to their societies
Questão 112
Questão
"Art by intention" inludes
Responda
-
objects that are made to be art
-
objects that have been made for religious purposes
-
objects that are found and exhibited
Questão 113
Questão
According to Shelly Errington as cited in the text, "art by appropriation" includes
Questão 114
Questão
In today's global art market
Responda
-
People who make primitive or tribal art are no longer tribal
-
most producers of ethnic arts sell their work to wealthy western collectors
-
Producers of ethnic and tribal arts provides a new and successful economic strategy for tribal peoples
Questão 115
Questão
Which of the following statements reflects the way anthropologists understand myth?
Responda
-
Myths are flawed ttempts at science or history
-
myths may justify past action, explain action in the present, or generate future action
-
myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome
-
Both b & c are true
Questão 116
Questão
Stories whose truth seems self-evident because they integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about the way the world works are called
Responda
-
folktales
-
metaphors
-
myths
Questão 117
Questão
Which of the following does not reflect the anthropological understanding ofritual?
Responda
-
Rituals are exclusively religious in nature
-
Rituals are repetitive social practices composed of a sequence ofsymbolic activites
-
ritual shapes action as well as thought
Questão 118
Questão
Which of the following is learned at a child's birthday party of the united states?
Questão 119
Questão
What are the 3 stages of rites of passage?
Responda
-
separation, transition, reaggregation
-
effacement, transition, delivery
-
communitas, liminality, marginality
Questão 120
Questão
Liminal, from the Latin word limen, means
Responda
-
sprite
-
containing
-
transporting
-
threshold
Questão 121
Questão
Play communicates about ______ while ritual communicates about _____.