13023414
Descrição
Quiz por Melanie Grynsztejn, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Melanie Grynsztejn
mais de 6 anos atrás
|
|
Questão 1
Questão
Anxiety disorders facts:
Responda
-
Highest prevalence of any mental health disorder
-
More prevalent in women
-
<45 years old
-
Divorced, separated
-
Adolescents
Questão 2
Questão
Age of onset for anxiety disorders is
Responda
-
Early adulthood
-
Adulthood
-
Elderly
-
Childhood or early adolescene
Questão 3
Questão
Which of the following is NOT a medical rule out for anxiety
Responda
-
Endocrine disorders
-
Neoplastic disorders
-
Hepatic disorders
-
Lyme disease
-
Hypersensitivity reactions
-
Autoimmune disorders
-
Pulmonary disorders
-
Cardiovascular disorders
-
Neurological disorders
Questão 4
Questão
DSM Anxiety Disorders include [blank_start]anxiety[blank_end] disorders, [blank_start]obsessivecompulsive[blank_end] disorders and [blank_start]trauma or stressor related[blank_end] disorders
Responda
-
anxiety
-
bipolar
-
obsessivecompulsive
-
mood
-
trauma or stressor related
-
personality disorders
Questão 5
Questão
Eustress vs. Distress: remember stress isn't always negative
[blank_start]Eustress:[blank_end] Motivating, short-term, exciting
[blank_start]Distress:[blank_end] Short- or long-term, perceived as beyond coping ability, unpleasant
Image:
Stress (binary/octet-stream)
Responda
-
Eustress:
-
Distress:
-
Eustress:
-
Distress:
Questão 6
Questão
“Anxiety and fear are cousins but not twins. [blank_start]Fear[blank_end] sees a threat. [blank_start]Anxiety[blank_end] imagines one.” – Max Lucado
Responda
-
Fear
-
Anxiety
Questão 7
Questão
Neuroanatomy of anxiety. Which parts of the brain are involved.
[blank_start]Prefrontal cortex[blank_end] [blank_start]orbitofrontal cortex[blank_end] [blank_start]ventromedial prefrontal cortex[blank_end] [blank_start]limbic system[blank_end]
Responda
-
Prefrontal cortex
-
ventral tegmental area
-
orbitofrontal cortex
-
mammillary bodies
-
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
-
limbic system
Questão 8
Questão
In neuroanatomy of anxiety, what is the function of the prefrontal cortex
Responda
-
Executive functioning, planning, decision making
-
Predicting consequences
-
Understanding social behavior
-
Control impuses and regulates mood
Questão 9
Questão
In the neuroanatomy of anxiety, the [blank_start]orbitofrontal[blank_end] cortex controls impulses, regulates mood, and drives moral judgment
Responda
-
orbitofrontal
Questão 10
Responda
-
Structures between the cerebral hemisphere and the brainstem
-
Not a discrete “system” but rather a collection of anatomically-related structures with varying functions
-
Center for emotional responsiveness, motivation, memory, olfaction, safety
-
Phylogenetically ancient, paleomammalian brain
-
Controls moral judgement and controls impulses
Questão 11
Questão
[blank_start]Ventromedial prefrontal[blank_end] cortex is in charge of reward processing – think and visceral response to emotions
Responda
-
Ventromedial prefrontal
Questão 12
Questão
[blank_start]Hippocampus[blank_end] -Spatial navigation. Memory formation/storage
[blank_start]Amygdala[blank_end] – Processes emotional stimuli. Receives information about physical needs. Initiates behavioral response
[blank_start]Hypothalamus[blank_end] – Receives unprocessed sensory input. Connects endocrine system to nervous system via pituitary gland
[blank_start]Thalamus[blank_end] – sensory processing. Hub of information transfer. Directs sensory input for processing
Responda
-
Hippocampus
-
Amygdala
-
Hypothalamus
-
Thalamus
Questão 13
Questão
The [blank_start]hippocampus[blank_end]:
Shifts short-term memory to long-term memory
Encodes our memory with emotions by interacting with amygdala
Interacts with amygdala to encode emotional memories
Active in imaging studies during fearful situations
Responda
-
hippocampus
Questão 14
Responda
-
Seahorse-shaped structure in medial temporal lobe
-
Receives input from neurotransmitter systems and sends output to the rest of the brain
-
Memory formation and storage
-
Related to stress sensitivity and resiliency
-
Structures between the cerebral hemisphere and the brainstem
Questão 15
Questão
The hippocampus is related to stress sensitivity and resiliency. A [blank_start]large[blank_end] hippocampus is protective agains anxiety disorders. A [blank_start]small[blank_end] hippcampus has increased risk of PTSD in the context of trauma
Responda
-
large
-
small
-
large
-
small
Questão 16
Questão
The amygdala has three groups, a medial group, a basal-lateral group, and a central group. Which group has connections with the hypothalamus and the brain stem, cues the endocrine system response, and influences expression of emotion, and triggers the autonomic nervous system?
Responda
-
Medial
-
Basal-lateral
-
Central group
Questão 17
Questão
Neuroendocrine pathways for the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis. Let's review as this is probably an exam question:
Activated by [blank_start]stress[blank_end]
Hypothalamus releases [blank_start]corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)[blank_end]
CRF binds to receptors on [blank_start]anterior pituitary gland[blank_end]
[blank_start]Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)[blank_end] is released
ACTH binds to receptors on [blank_start]adrenal cortex[blank_end]
[blank_start]Cortisol and adrenaline[blank_end] are released!
Responda
-
corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
-
anterior pituitary gland
-
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-
adrenal cortex
-
Cortisol and adrenaline
-
stress
Questão 18
Questão
Function of the HPA axis is SAFETY & PROTECTION
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 19
Questão
Cortisol
Responda
-
Released for several hours after exposure to stressor
-
Increases glucose in the bloodstream and enhances the brain’s use of glucose
-
Suppresses nonessential functions such as digestion, reproduction, and growth processes
-
At sufficient concentrations, cortisol exerts negative feedback to hypothalamus and homeostasis returns
-
Lasts for only minutes after exposure to stressor
-
Decreases glucose in the bloodstream
Questão 20
Questão
Adrenaline Increases [blank_start]heart[blank_end] rate, [blank_start]blood[blank_end] pressure, respiratory [blank_start]rate,[blank_end] and [blank_start]carbohydrate[blank_end] metabolism
Responda
-
heart
-
blood
-
rate,
-
carbohydrate
Questão 21
Questão
Chronic/prolonged stress = repeated/sustained HPA axis activation
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 22
Questão
[blank_start]Calming NT[blank_end]: γ-amino-butyric-acid (GABA)
[blank_start]Excitatory NT:[blank_end] Glutamate
[blank_start]Monoaminergic neurotransmitters[blank_end]
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Responda
-
Calming NT
-
Excitatory NT:
-
Monoaminergic neurotransmitters
Questão 23
Questão
Excessive [blank_start]glutamate[blank_end] activity causes anxiety, agitation, and seizures
Responda
-
glutamate
Questão 24
Questão
Benzodiazepines increase [blank_start]GABA[blank_end] activity at amygdala and PFC
Responda
-
GABA
Questão 25
Questão
[blank_start]GABA[blank_end] Principal inhibitory neurotransmitter
[blank_start]Glutamate[blank_end] Principal excitatory neurotransmitter
[blank_start]GABA[blank_end] Decreases neurons’ electrical excitability
[blank_start]Glutamate[blank_end] Increases neurons’ electrical excitability
[blank_start]Glutamate[blank_end] Necessary for attention/coordination
[blank_start]GABA[blank_end] Calm, relaxation, sleep
Responda
-
GABA
-
Glutamate
-
GABA
-
Glutamate
-
GABA
-
Glutamate
-
Glutamate
-
GABA
-
Glutamate
-
GABA
-
GABA
-
Glutamate
Questão 26
Questão
Enhancing 5-HT input to the amygdala can [blank_start]reduce[blank_end] anxiety/fear
Responda
-
reduce
-
increase
Questão 27
Questão
Serotonin
Responda
-
Primarily found in GI tract, blood platelets, and CNS
-
Involved in regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, memory, learning
-
Inhibitory effect on some amygdalar outputs
-
Excitatory effect on some aygdalar outputs
-
Primarily found in the brain
Questão 28
Responda
-
Mobilizes the brain and body for action
-
Lowest during sleep, rises during wakefulness
-
NE output from locus coeruleus enhances memory, attention, arousal
-
Peaks during fight-or-flight: Increases heart rate/BP, release of glucose from energy stores, inhibits GI motility
-
NE output from ventral tegmental area enhances memory, attention, arousal
Questão 29
Responda
-
Significant in reward-motivated behavior
-
Pleasurable experiences cause dopamine release: sex, food/appetite, addictive substances
-
Involved in some motor control, GI motility, insulin production, and hormone regulation
Questão 30
Questão
Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT) met genetic allele:
Responda
-
Enzyme which degrades dopamine and norepinephrine
-
COMT genotypes implicated in expression of anxiety and depression
-
Enzyme degraded serotonin and dompamine
Questão 31
Questão
Met genotype: [blank_start]Lower[blank_end] COMT activity = [blank_start]higher[blank_end] NT levels = [blank_start]excessive[blank_end] NT release under stress = WORRIER
Val genotype: [blank_start]Higher[blank_end] COMT activity = [blank_start]lower[blank_end] NT levels = [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] NT release under stress = WARRIOR
Responda
-
Lower
-
Higher
-
higher
-
lower
-
excessive
-
decreased
-
Higher
-
Lower
-
lower
-
higher
-
decreased
-
excessive
Questão 32
Questão
Which gene regulates the HPA axis and monoaminergic signaling
Responda
-
5-HTTLPR: Serotonin transporter
-
Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
-
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductas
Questão 33
Questão
The [blank_start]short (S)[blank_end] allele of 5-HTTLPR: Serotonin transporter puts a patient as risk for anxiety
Responda
-
short (S)
-
long (L)
Questão 34
Questão
What environmental factors play a part in increasing anxiety?
Responda
-
Physical/sexual trauma
-
Substance abuse
-
Chronic chaos/neglect
-
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)
-
VUSN PMHNP program
-
News that the world is facing a tequila shortage
Questão 35
Questão
Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorders can be caused by the following drugs except
Responda
-
Sympathomimetics (pseudophedrine)
-
Stimulants (Methylphenidate, Amphetamines)
-
Benzodiazepines
-
System and anabolic steroids
-
Drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamaines, hallucinogens, substance withdrawal)
-
Atypical antipsychotics
Questão 36
Questão
Panic disorder usually starts before the age of 24 and usually has lots of comorbidities as patients try to self-medicate
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 37
Questão
DSM-5 Criteria for Panic Disorder include recurrent UNEXPECTED panic attacks, followed by 1 month of:
Image:
Panic1 (binary/octet-stream)
Responda
-
Persistent concern
-
Worry about implications or consequences of panic attacks
-
Maladaptive changes in behavior
-
Walks on the beach doing yoga
Questão 38
Responda
-
Large wide open spaces
-
Too many people or large crowds
-
Escape is difficult or embarrassing
Questão 39
Questão
Neuroanatomy of panic disorder includes:
[blank_start]Elevated[blank_end] glucose uptake in amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus
[blank_start]Decreased[blank_end] frontal lobe activity
Responda
-
Elevated
-
Decreased
Questão 40
Questão
Neurotransmitter pathways in panic disorder:
[blank_start]Decreased[blank_end] GABA concentrations, elevated glutamatergic signaling
[blank_start]Decreased[blank_end] serotonin receptor binding, increased norepinephrine concentration
Responda
-
Decreased
-
Increased
-
Decreased
-
Increased
Questão 41
Questão
Panic disorder is the most heritable of all anxiety disorders with first-degree relatives of patient with panic DO means that patient has 7X increased risk
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 42
Questão
Neuroendocrine pathways in panic disorder include:
(on exam study guide)
Responda
-
Elevated baseline cortisol = anticipatory anxiety
-
Hypersensitive to situations that trigger HPA axis activation
-
Decreased baseline cortisol = anticipatory anxiety
-
Hyposensitive to situations that trigger HPA axis activation
Questão 43
Questão
Specific phobia (like clowns) is the most common anxiety disorder, women twice as likely to suffer as men, and typical age of onset is childhood to adolescence
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 44
Questão
Specific phobia is a persistent fear of clearly discernible objects or situations that provoke immediate anxiety and cause social or occupational impairement
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 45
Questão
Specific Phobia
Neuroanatomy: activation of [blank_start]amygdala[blank_end], decreased [blank_start]prefrontal cortex response[blank_end]
Responda
-
amygdala
-
prefrontal cortex response
Questão 46
Questão
Social anxiety disorder is twice as likely in women as men, onset is childhood or adolescence and is often seen with MDD or substance abuse disorders
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 47
Questão
DSM 5 criteria for social anxiety disorder is a persistent fear of situations in which exposure to unfamiliar people o scrutiny is possible. Fear that actions will expose anxiety or possible humiliation or embarrassment.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 48
Questão
Neuroanatomy of Social Anxiety Disorder:
[blank_start]Hyperactive[blank_end] prefrontal cortex - misinterpreting social cues
[blank_start]Hyperreactive[blank_end] amygdala - receives sensory information before analysis and signals the sympathetic nervous system
Responda
-
Hyperactive
-
Hypoactive
-
Hyperreactive
-
Hypoactive
Questão 49
Questão
Genetics of social anxiety disorder involve Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) which governs reuptake of serotonin into the neuron. The [blank_start]short[blank_end] allele is involved in increased risk of anxiety and depression in context of stressful environment, Increased startle response and a stronger amygdala activation in response to angry faces
Responda
-
short
Questão 50
Questão
Generalized anxiety disorder has the youngest age of onset for an anxiety disorder
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 51
Questão
Excessive worries/anxiety for at least [blank_start]6 month[blank_end]s. Worry about a number of events, situations, activities. Difficulty controlling the worry.
Three or more of the following:
Restless/on edge
Easily fatigued
Difficulty concentrating
Irritability
Muscle tension
Sleep disturbance
Responda
-
6 months
-
3 months
Questão 52
Questão
Neuroendocrine pathways of generalized anxiety disorder include all the following EXCEPT:
Responda
-
Perception of sustained threat
-
Chronic activation of HPA axis
-
Acute activation of HPA axis
-
More physiologically dysregulated state at baseline
-
Exaggerated physiological reactivity to fearful stimuli
Questão 53
Questão
5-HTTLPR [blank_start]short[blank_end]-allele carriers are highly sensitive to environmental threats. Hypervigilance
Responda
-
short
Questão 54
Questão
The following are all forms of obsessive-compulsive disorders:
Responda
-
Body dysmorphic disorder - fixated on a part of their body they hate
-
Trichotillomania – hair pulling compulsion and anxiety. A lot with trauma
-
Hoarding Disorder – afraid that they might need something
-
Cookiewinemania - an unnatural obsession with wanting cookies and wine
Questão 55
Questão
Tourette's Syndrome is a frequent comorbidity of obsessive compulsive disorder
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 56
Responda
-
Recurrent obsessive thoughts - Persistent ideas, thoughts, images, impulses that are perceived as intrusive and distressing
-
Compulsive behaviors - Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are meant to reduce stress NOT bring pleasure
-
Time-consuming, cause impairment
Questão 57
Questão
OCD is real anatomical issue
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 58
Questão
In obsessive compulsive disorder there is [blank_start]orbitofrontal[blank_end] cortex overactivity but smaller volume which leads to context-related processing and response inhibition
Responda
-
orbitofrontal
Questão 59
Questão
In obsessive compulsive disorder there is abnormal activity in [blank_start]cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC)[blank_end] feedback loop. These circuits use “direct” (excitatory) or “indirect” (inhibitory) routes from cortex through [blank_start]basal ganglia[blank_end] to [blank_start]thalamus.[blank_end]
Image:
Cstc (binary/octet-stream)
Responda
-
cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC)
-
basal ganglia
-
thalamus.
Questão 60
Questão
CSTC or "worry" loop is involved in obsessive compulsive disorder. It includes the [blank_start]basal ganglia[blank_end] which nuclei grouped together based on interconnected roles in movement and cognition. It includes Includes [blank_start]globus pallidus[blank_end], putamen, caudate nucleus. Specifically the striatum Includes [blank_start]putamen[blank_end] and caudate nucleus.
Responda
-
basal ganglia
-
globus pallidus
-
putamen
Questão 61
Questão
In obsessive compulsive disorder, the CSTC loop receives input to [blank_start]basal ganglia[blank_end] from [blank_start]cortex[blank_end] and [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end]
Responda
-
basal ganglia
-
cortex
-
thalamus
Questão 62
Questão
In obsessive compulsive disorder, the CSTC or "worry" loop has two pathways. The "direct" basal ganglia and the "indirect' basal ganglia pathway that are antagonistic to each other
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 63
Questão
“Direct” basal ganglia pathway:
Direct projections from [blank_start]striatum[blank_end] to [blank_start]globus pallidus[blank_end]
Increases [blank_start]excitatory[blank_end] thalamic input to the cortex
Turns [blank_start]up[blank_end] motor activity
Responda
-
striatum
-
globus pallidus
-
excitatory
-
inhibitory
-
up
-
down
Questão 64
Questão
The [blank_start]"direct"[blank_end] basal ganglia pathway is involved in the activation of tics, compulsions, and obsessions. It is [blank_start]overactive[blank_end] in OCD.
Responda
-
"direct"
-
"indirect"
-
overactive
-
underactive
Questão 65
Questão
“Indirect” basal ganglia pathway has [blank_start]Indirect[blank_end] projections from [blank_start]striatum[blank_end] to [blank_start]globus pallidus[blank_end]
[blank_start]Inhibitory[blank_end] effect on [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end] and frontal cortex
Responda
-
Indirect
-
striatum
-
globus pallidus
-
Inhibitory
-
excitatory
-
thalamus
-
hippocampus
Questão 66
Questão
"Direct" basal ganglia pathway is the "gas" and the "indirect" basal ganglia is the brake when it comes to motor activity
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 67
Questão
OCD occurs when delicate balance between inhibition and excitation of basal ganglia pathway is disrupted
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 68
Questão
Neuroanatomy of OCD involves Increased activity in CSTC circuit running from [blank_start]frontal cortex[blank_end] to [blank_start]striatum[blank_end] to [blank_start]globus pallidus[blank_end] to [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end] and back to [blank_start]cortex[blank_end]
Responda
-
frontal cortex
-
striatum
-
globus pallidus
-
thalamus
-
cortex
Questão 69
Questão
In OCD, there is increased Increased activity in prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and [blank_start]amygdala[blank_end]
Responda
-
amygdala
Questão 70
Questão
What is the treatment for OCD
Responda
-
Surgical intervention where the CSTC loop is cut off via a cingulotomy. This disrupts the transmission from the frontal cortex
-
Very aggressive and high doses of SSRI
-
Talking common sense into the patient and telling the patient that the fears aren't real
Questão 71
Questão
Serotonin, dopamine and glutamate are involved in OCD. There are [blank_start]reduced[blank_end] serotonin transporters in midbrain. There is [blank_start]increased[blank_end] dopamine. There is [blank_start]increased[blank_end] glutamate.
Responda
-
reduced
-
increased
-
increased
-
decreased
-
increased
-
decreased
Questão 72
Questão
Considering what we know about 5HT, DA, and Glu in OCD, which drugs are most effective
Responda
-
5HT drugs
-
DA antagonists
-
Antipsychotics
-
Stimulants
Questão 73
Questão
A patient with OCD will be in a hyperglutamatergic state in prefrontal regions and have
elevated glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 74
Questão
An [blank_start]earlier[blank_end] onset of OCD is indicative of a higher risk of heritability
Responda
-
earlier
-
later
Questão 75
Questão
Of the following comorbidities with seen OCD, which has the highest incidence of PTSD
Responda
-
TBI
-
Substance abuse disorders
-
Depression and anxiety disorders
Questão 76
Questão
DSM 5 criteria for PTSD involve exposure to [blank_start]trauma[blank_end], [blank_start]re-experiencing,[blank_end] [blank_start]avoidance[blank_end], [blank_start]negative alterations in mood/cognition[blank_end], and [blank_start]increased arousal.[blank_end]
Responda
-
trauma
-
re-experiencing,
-
avoidance
-
negative alterations in mood/cognition
-
increased arousal.
Questão 77
Questão
The neuroanatomy of the PTSD involves:
[blank_start]Reduced[blank_end] volume of hippocampus and frontal cortex
Amygdala [blank_start]hyperresponsiveness[blank_end]
[blank_start]Decreased[blank_end] activity in PFC
Image:
Ptsd (binary/octet-stream)
Responda
-
Reduced
-
Increased
-
hyperresponsiveness
-
hyporesponsiveness
-
Decreased
-
Increasedp
Questão 78
Questão
The following NT are involved in PTSD EXCEPT:
Responda
-
Dopamine
-
Norepinephrine
-
Serotonin
-
Glutamate
Questão 79
Questão
Which drug exhibits inhibitory effects on glutamate transmission and thus is good for PTSD
Responda
-
Topiramate
-
Aripiprazole
-
Venlafaxine
Questão 80
Questão
Glutamate
Responda
-
Role in hippocampal-related learning and amygdala- related emotional processing
-
Processing distortion related to inappropriate glutamate signaling
-
Elevated glucose uptake in amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus
Questão 81
Questão
What medication should you not give to PTSD because of the unremitting elevation in NE in the CSF of patients with PTSD?
Responda
-
Bupropion
-
Citalopram
-
Venlafaxine
-
Fluoxetine
Questão 82
Questão
In PTSD, patients have a [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] cortisol concentrations and a/n [blank_start]flattened[blank_end] cortisol slope
Responda
-
decreased
-
increased
-
flattened
-
elevated
Questão 83
Questão
Treatment for anxiety disorders include:
Responda
-
SSRI
-
NDRI
-
BZ
-
Anticonvulsants
-
Antipsychotics
-
CBT
-
Mindfulness based stress reduction
-
EMDR
Questão 84
Questão
MOA of BZ in anxiety involves BZ [blank_start]increasing[blank_end] the efficiency of GABA to [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] the excitability of neurons. BZ bind to the y sub-unit of the [blank_start]GABA-A[blank_end] receptor. Binding causes a structural modification of the receptor that results in an increasein GABA-A activity. The result is an [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in the frequency of the [blank_start]Cl-[blank_end] channel (making the cell more negative) and [blank_start]inhibiting[blank_end] the action potential.
Responda
-
increasing
-
decrease
-
GABA-A
-
increase
-
Cl-
-
inhibiting
Questão 85
Questão
Chronic/prolonged stress = repeated/sustained HPA axis activation which causes:
[blank_start]Musculoskeletal:[blank_end] Chronic muscle tension, tension headaches, migraines
[blank_start]Respiratory:[blank_end] Exacerbation of existing conditions (asthma, emphysema, etc.)
[blank_start]Cardiovascular:[blank_end] Increased risk of heart attack, hypertension, stroke
[blank_start]Endocrine:[blank_end] Increased risk of diabetes in vulnerable populations
[blank_start]Gastrointestinal:[blank_end] Acid reflux, ulcers, diarrhea, constipation, nausea/vomiting
Reproductive:
[blank_start]Male:[blank_end] Impaired testosterone production and sperm maturation, impotence
[blank_start]Female:[blank_end] Irregular menstrual cycles, impaired sexual desire
Responda
-
Musculoskeletal:
-
Respiratory:
-
Cardiovascular:
-
Endocrine:
-
Gastrointestinal:
-
Male:
-
Female:
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