The Nervous System I

What is the central nervous system?

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Select all the functions of the support cells of the peripheral nervous system

Neurons are highly differentiated and have almost no capacity for division.

Which neuroglial cell type stabilises structures following injury to produce scar tissue, directs neural growth during development, controls the interstitial environment and maintains the blood-brain barrier?

Which type of neuroglial cell makes up only 5% of glial cells but numbers increase in the event of infection due to their behaviour as macrophages?

Which neuroglial cell lines the chambers and passageways of CNS that are filled with CSF that monitor the composition of as well as secrete this CSF?

Which neuroglial cell type forms myelin sheaths around axons by their processes wrapping around them in a layered structure?

The cerebrospinal fluid protects the CNS from shock. Where is it found?

Neuroglial cells are found throughout the entire nervous system.

Which is the only type of neuroglial cell that forms branches to connect with other neuroglial cells?

Label this image to name each neuroglial cell according to its structure.

Which type of support cell in the peripheral nervous system surrounds cell bodies in the ganglia to regulate the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients etc around them?

Which type of support cell in the peripheral nervous system surrounds axons forming the myelin sheath?

Schwann cells form nodes of Ranvier by breaking down their myelin at regular intervals.

What name is given to collections of cell bodies lying outside the CNS?

Which ganglia do not contain synapses?

Which ganglia contain synapses?

For the most part, pre-ganglionic fibres are myelinated and post-ganglionic fibres are unmyelinated.

Fill in the blanks below to describe the different types of neuron in terms of their poles. [blank_start]Unipolar[blank_end] neurons are found almost exclusively in the cerebellum and have one one axon extending from their cell body. [blank_start]Bipolar[blank_end] neurons have two axons extending from one cell body. [blank_start]Pseudounipolar[blank_end] neurons have a single branch from their cell body splitting into two axons - one that goes to the spinal cord and the other that goes to the peripheral tissues. [blank_start]Multipolar[blank_end] neurons have multiple dendrites extending from their cell body with a single axon extending in the opposite direction.

What name is given to the layers of connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord to protect them?

What is the correct layering of the meninges from outermost to innermost?

Fill in the blanks to describe the structure of the dura mater. The dura mater is the outermost layer of the meninges that has a [blank_start]two[blank_end]-layered structure. The outer layer fuses with the [blank_start]periosteum[blank_end] to line the cranial cavity - this is the [blank_start]periosteal[blank_end] layer. The inner layer is known as the [blank_start]meningeal[blank_end] layer which has specialised [blank_start]folds[blank_end] known as [blank_start]dural[blank_end] reflections that support the brain and [blank_start]partition[blank_end] it. Venous [blank_start]sinuses[blank_end] run in gaps between the two layers.

How does the arachnoid mater link to the pia mater?

What is found in the subarachnoid space which allows the layer to act as a 'suspension' system to protect the brain and spinal cord from sudden impact?

Which cells tightly attach the pia mater to the brain, allowing it to follow the brain's contours?

The pia mater is highly vascularised.

Label this image to show the layers of the meninges.

The cerebrospinal fluid is an ultrafiltrate of blood that will eventually return back into circulation.

Fill in the blanks below to describe the flow of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. 1. CSF is secreted by the [blank_start]choroid[blank_end] plexus in each [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] ventricle. These are plexuses of cells including modified [blank_start]ependymal[blank_end] cells. 2. CSF flows through the [blank_start]interventricular foramina[blank_end] into the [blank_start]third[blank_end] ventricle. 3. Choroid [blank_start]plexus[blank_end] in the third ventricle secretes more CSF. 4. CSF flows down [blank_start]cerebral aqueduct[blank_end] to the fourth ventricle. 5. Choroid plexus in the [blank_start]fourth[blank_end] ventricle secretes more CSF. 6. CSF flows out via two [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] apertures and one [blank_start]median[blank_end] aperture. 7. CSF fills the [blank_start]subarachnoid[blank_end] space to bath the external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord. 8. CSF is reabsorbed into venous drainage of the [blank_start]dural[blank_end] venous sinuses/

Fill in the blanks below to describe the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system. The [blank_start]somatic[blank_end] nerves supply the body wall, skeletal muscle and skin. They contain both motor and sensory fibres that facilitate voluntary movement. Nerves of [blank_start]special sensation[blank_end] facilitate the experience of sight, smell, taste, hearing and balance. [blank_start]Autonomic[blank_end] nerves supply the internal organs with motor fibres to smooth/cardiac muscle and sensory fibres to control involuntary functions of the body.

All sensory axons - somatic or autonomic - have their cell bodies outside the CNS in ganglia with no synapses.

All motor ganglia belong to the autonomic nervous system and always contain synapses.

What do the dorsal roots of the spinal cord carry?

What do the ventral roots of the spinal cord carry?

Where are the cell bodies of the motor efferent neurons found?

Outside of the spinal cord, the spinal nerves divide into branches known as rami. The [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] ramus carries nerves that carry visceral motor, somatic motor and sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back. The [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] ramus contains nerves that carry visceral motor, somatic motor and sensory information to and from the ventrolateral surface, the body wall and limbs.

What is the rami communicantes?

Fill in the blanks to label this cross section of the spinal cord.

Fill in the blanks to label this diagram showing the rami communicantes of the spinal nerves.

Anything referred to as 'white' in regards to the nervous system contains myelinated axons.

There are [blank_start]31[blank_end] left-right pairs of spinal nerves in humans. There are [blank_start]8[blank_end] cervical spinal nerve pairs. There are [blank_start]12[blank_end] thoracic spinal nerve pairs. There are [blank_start]5[blank_end] lumbar spinal nerve pairs. There are [blank_start]5[blank_end] sacral spinal nerve pairs. There is 1 [blank_start]coccygeal[blank_end] pair of spinal nerves.

What is a myotome?

What is a dermatome?

What type of neurons are sensory neurons?