2631205
Questão 1
Questão
What does lipid theory say?
Responda
-
When the concentration of general anaesthetic exceeds 0.05mM, anaesthesia is induced as a result of a lipid volume increase of 0.4%. The lipid expansion interferes with nerve impulse conduction and thus anaesthesia is induced.
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When the concentration of general anaesthetic exceeds 0.5mM, anaesthesia is induced as a result of a lipid volume increase of 0.4%. The lipid expansion interferes with nerve impulse conduction and thus anaesthesia is induced.
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When the concentration of general anaesthetic exceeds 0.5mM, anaesthesia is induced as a result of a lipid volume increase of 4%. The lipid expansion interferes with nerve impulse conduction and thus anaesthesia is induced.
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When the concentration of general anaesthetic exceeds 0.1mM, anaesthesia is induced as a result of a lipid volume increase of 0.4%. The lipid expansion interferes with nerve impulse conduction and thus anaesthesia is induced.
Questão 2
Questão
What can reverse lipid theory?
Responda
-
High pressure - reduces lipid volume back to normal
-
Low pressure - reduces lipid volume back to normal
Questão 3
Questão
What is protein theory?
Responda
-
A concentration of general anaesthetic that reaches 0.05mM leads to a lipid volume increase of 0.4% which induces anaesthesia. This is because the increase in lipid volume interferes with conduction of nerve impulses.
-
Lipid solubility of general anaesthetics is required for the general anaesthetic to reach a hydrophobic pocket on a channel protein. Channel proteins targeted are usually ion channels like GABA, K+ or nAchR.
Questão 4
Questão
Optical isomers of GA have the same lipid solubility and the same potency.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 5
Questão
What are the inhibitory responses caused by general anaesthetics?
Responda
-
Opening of K+ channels (efflux)
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Increase GABA activity
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Inhibit excitatory channels such as nAchR
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Increase glutaminergic activity
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Opening of K+ channels (influx)
Questão 6
Questão
What is meant by the cut-off phenomenon?
Responda
-
The lipid solubility of a GA (and thus its potency) increases with the number of carbons in a GA but after a certain point (usually >11 carbons) the GA's potency abruptly declines.
-
After a certain high dose of GA, the patients condition rapidly deteriorates.
-
The general anaesthetic stops working after a certain period of time.
Questão 7
Questão
GA have a large therapeutic window.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 8
Questão
The minimum alveolar concentration effectively describes what?
Responda
-
The more lipid soluble a GA is, the lower the concentration required in inspired air.
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The more lipid soluble a GA is, the higher the concentration required in inspired air.
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The less lipid soluble a GA is, the lower the concentration required in inspired air.
-
The less lipid soluble a GA is, the higher the concentration required in inspired air.
Questão 9
Questão
What increases transfer of GA to the alveoli?
Responda
-
Increased concentration of GA
-
Increased rate and depth of breathing
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Decreased concentration of GA
-
Decreased rate and depth of breathing
Questão 10
Questão
A higher blood:gas partition coefficient means that the GA is highly soluble in blood.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 11
Questão
A GA with a high blood:gas partition coefficient will travel to the brain much quicker than one with a lower blood:gas partition coefficient.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 12
Questão
Why would pulmonary blood flow increase help with absorption of GA when GA concentration in the body is initially low?
Responda
-
It maintains a high, favourable concentration gradient for the absorption of GA from the lungs into the blood, therefore increasing speed of induction.
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It helps to increase blood flow to the brain to increase the concentration of general anaesthetic in the desired place.
Questão 13
Questão
What tissue has a high tissue:blood partition coefficient?
Responda
-
Adipose tissue
-
Muscle tissue
-
Brain tissue
Questão 14
Questão
Overall, what is evidence for lipid theory?
Responda
-
Volume expansion of the lipid bilayer
-
Cut-off phenomenon
-
Stereoselectivity
Questão 15
Questão
Overall, what is evidence for protein theory?
Responda
-
Volume expansion of the lipid bilayer
-
Cut-off phenomenon
-
Stereoselectivity
Questão 16
Questão
GA is usually metabolised by the body and excreted in the urine.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 17
Questão
Both blood:gas and tissue:blood partition coefficients are inversely proportional to the speed of induction of GA.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 18
Questão
What is an advantage of using halothane?
Responda
-
Potent and fast acting
-
Pleasant odour
-
Less liver damage
Questão 19
Questão
What is a disadvantage of sevoflurane?
Responda
-
Liver toxicity
-
Bad smell
-
Possible seizures
Questão 20
Questão
Intravenous GA is usually used for induction.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 21
Questão
Intravenously administered thiopental and propofol act at which receptors?
Responda
-
GABA-a receptors
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GABA-b receptors
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NMDA
Questão 22
Questão
Intravenously administered ketamine act at what receptors?
Responda
-
NMDA
-
GABA-a
-
GABA-b
Questão 23
Questão
Adjuncts are used to enhance the potency of a GA.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 24
Questão
Give some examples of adjuncts used for GA administration.
Responda
-
Anxiolytics
-
Anti-depressants
-
Anti-psychotics
-
Anti-emetics
-
Muscle relaxants
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