2691664
Questão 1
Responda
-
Threshold
-
Depolarisation
-
Repolarisation
-
Hyperpolarisation
Questão 2
Responda
-
Depolarisation
-
Repolarisation
-
Hyperpolarisation
-
Threshold
Questão 3
Responda
-
Repolarisation
-
Hyperpolarisation
-
Depolarisation
-
Threshold
Questão 4
Responda
-
Hyperpolarisation
-
Depolarisation
-
Repolarisation
-
Threshold
Questão 5
Questão
The absolute refractory period refers to the period of hyperpolarisation in an action potential.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 6
Questão
The refractory period is important for what?
Responda
-
Unidirectionality
-
Discrete action potentials
Questão 7
Questão
Conductance is approximately equal to permeability.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 8
Questão
How is an action potential propagated in a non-myelinated axon?
Responda
-
The local current in an axonal section flows to the next "segment" of the axon, causing depolarisation of that part of the membrane. This continues, causing propagation of the action potential.
-
The non-myelinated axon is insulated by a myelin sheath which allows current to 'jump' from node to node, via "saltatory conduction".
Questão 9
Questão
Anterograde transport occurs away from the cell body of a neurone.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 10
Questão
Kinesin are motor proteins that partake in anterograde transport.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 11
Questão
Kinesin walk towards the positive end of microtubules found in the axon, which usually leads away from the cell body of the neuron.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 12
Questão
Motor proteins carry vesicles or membrane bound organelles like mitochondria to their desired location.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 13
Questão
What is the correct process of wallerian degeneration?
Responda
-
Trauma -> Axonal breakdown -> Macrophage invasion from nearby blood vessels -> Phagocytosis -> Ready for regeneration
-
Trauma -> Axonal breakdown -> Axonal fragments absorbed into bloodstream -> Ready for regeneration
Questão 14
Questão
What is the correct process of wallerian regeneration?
Responda
-
Edge of trauma site develops an axonal sprout -> the sprout encourages schwann cell division -> the schwann cells release neurotrophins to guide the growth cone -> growth cone grows -> axon regenerated
-
Edge of trauma site develops an axonal sprout -> the sprout encourages oligodendrocyte division -> the oligodendrocytes release neurotrophins to guide the growth cone -> growth cone grows -> axon regenerated
Questão 15
Questão
A class 1 nerve injury would cause what?
Responda
-
Minor compression and no axon degeneration
-
Crushing and resulting degeneration
-
Severe tear and endoneurium will be compromised
Questão 16
Questão
A class 2 nerve injury would cause what?
Responda
-
Minor compression and no axon degeneration
-
Crushing and resulting degeneration
-
Severe tear and endoneurium will be compromised
Questão 17
Questão
A class 3 nerve injury would cause what?
Responda
-
Minor compression and no axon degeneration
-
Crushing and resulting degeneration
-
Severe tear and endoneurium will be compromised
Questão 18
Questão
Reactive astrocytes contribute to CNS nerve regeneration.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 19
Questão
What part of a local anaesthetic is shown by the red question mark?
Responda
-
Aromatic ring
-
Linkage
-
Amine group
Questão 20
Questão
What part of a local anaesthetic is shown by the green question mark?
Responda
-
Amine group
-
Aromatic ring
-
Linkage
Questão 21
Questão
What different type of link may be present in the part of the LA labelled with a blue question mark?
Responda
-
Ester
-
Amide
-
Carbonyl
-
Ketone
Questão 22
Questão
Why do most modern local anaesthetics have an amide linkage rather than an ester linkage?
Responda
-
Broken down more slowly - longer time of action
-
Broken down more quickly - shorter time of action
-
More prone to causing allergies
-
Less prone to causing allergies
Questão 23
Questão
The function of the aromatic ring in the local anaesthetic is to provide lipid soluble properties.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 24
Questão
Local anaesthetics are...
Responda
-
Weak bases
-
Weak acids
-
Strong bases
-
Strong acids
Questão 25
Questão
Following on from the previous question, would a local anaesthetic be ionised in...
Responda
-
Acidic conditions
-
Alkaline conditions
Questão 26
Questão
The ionised form of the local anaesthetic can cross the plasma membrane to exhibit its action.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 27
Questão
The ionised version of the local anaesthetic blocks the voltage-gated Na+ channels to prevent action potentials being generated.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 28
Questão
Why is local anaesthetic less effective when a bacterial infection is present?
Responda
-
Local anaesthetics are weak bases. Bacteria that are present at the infection site will be metabolising substances which creates an acidic environment. An acidic environment will cause ionisation of the local anaesthetic. The ionised form of the local anaesthetic cannot cross the plasma membrane. Less local anaesthetic crossing the PM means there is less blocking of VG Na+ channels and therefore the local anaesthetic is less effective.
-
Local anaesthetics are weak acids. Bacteria that are present at the infection site will be metabolising substances which creates an alkaline environment. An alkaline environment will cause ionisation of the local anaesthetic. The ionised form of the local anaesthetic cannot cross the plasma membrane. Less local anaesthetic crossing the PM means there is less blocking of VG Na+ channels and therefore the local anaesthetic is less effective.
Questão 29
Questão
Lower diameter, less myelinated axons are more sensitive to local anaesthetic.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 30
Questão
What is topical application of local anaesthetics?
Responda
-
Surface application
-
Blocking a branch of nerve fibres
-
Block somewhere along the length of the nerve before it branches
Questão 31
Questão
What is meant by infiltration in the context of application of local anaesthetics?
Responda
-
Surface application
-
Blocking a branch of nerve fibres
-
Block somewhere along the length of the nerve before it branches
Questão 32
Questão
What is meant by nerve block in the context of application of local anaesthetics?
Responda
-
Surface application
-
Blocking a branch of nerve fibres
-
Block somewhere along the length of the nerve before it branches
Questão 33
Questão
What side effects could result from local anaesthetic in high doses?
Responda
-
Decrease cardiac muscle contractility.
-
Increase cardiac muscle contractility.
-
Vasodilatation
-
Vasoconstriction
Questão 34
Questão
What adjunct might be used with local anaesthetic?
Responda
-
Adrenaline
-
Bupivicaine
-
Omeprasole
-
Acetylcholine
Questão 35
Questão
Transmitter binding to post-synaptic receptors causes a conformational change.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 36
Questão
Many neurotransmitters can bind to one receptor subtype.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 37
Questão
Metabotropic receptors are an ion channel pore which opens upon neurotransmitter binding.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 38
Questão
Temporal summation increases the number of synapses firing at the same time to help threshold to be exceeded.
Responda
- True
- False
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