Questão 1
Questão
Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for
Responda
-
discerning human similarities and differences.
-
avoiding operational definitions.
-
making psychology free of value judgments.
-
To make Psychology less complicated
Questão 2
Questão
Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between
Responda
-
Childhood memories and psychological disorders.
-
Philosophy and phsiology
-
natural selection and genetic predispositions.
-
thought process and brain functions
Questão 3
Questão
Clinical psychologists specialize in
Questão 4
Questão
the specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a
Questão 5
Questão
correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors
Responda
-
vary together.
-
influence each other
-
are random samples
-
are dependent variables
Questão 6
Questão
A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +1.00 would indicate that
Responda
-
it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based on knowledge of dating frequency.
-
more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.
-
less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.
-
physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating frequency.
Questão 7
Questão
Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate
Responda
-
overconfidence.
-
hindsight bias
-
the placebo effect
-
random sampling
Questão 8
Questão
Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned
Responda
-
to the group in which participants all have similar personalities.
-
in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.
-
to that group by chance.
-
to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.
Questão 9
Questão
Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of
Responda
-
unconscious motives.
-
conditioned responses
-
mental processes
-
clinical psychology
Questão 10
Questão
A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)
Responda
-
control condition
-
hypothesis
-
replication
-
operational definition
Questão 11
Questão
Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
Questão 12
Questão
Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's
Questão 13
Questão
From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of
Questão 14
Questão
The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.
Responda
-
massed practice and spaced practice
-
genes and experience
-
unconscious and conscious motives
-
behavior and mental processes
Questão 15
Questão
Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates
Responda
-
random assignment
-
overconfidence
-
the placebo effect
-
naturalistic observation
Questão 16
Questão
The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
Responda
-
overestimates the importance of operational definitions.
-
is based on naturalistic observation.
-
may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.
-
leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.
Questão 17
Questão
The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.
Questão 18
Questão
Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves
Responda
-
debriefing
-
evaluating evidence
-
case study
-
informed consent
Questão 19
Questão
A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between
Responda
-
genetics and eye color
-
bone density and body size
-
self-esteem and popularity
-
neurotransmitters and depression
Questão 20
Questão
Auditory stimulation is first processed in the ________ lobes.
Responda
-
temporal
-
frontal
-
occipital
-
parietal
Questão 21
Questão
Information is carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by
Responda
-
sensory neurons
-
interneurons
-
glial cells
-
motor neurons
Questão 22
Questão
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state called
Responda
-
reuptake.
-
an action potential
-
polarization
-
homeostasis
Questão 23
Questão
Neurotransmitters are released from knob-like terminals at the end of the
Responda
-
cell body.
-
myelin sheath
-
axon
-
dendrites
Questão 24
Questão
Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing
Responda
-
. identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised together.
-
identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart
-
identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together.
-
identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised apart.
Questão 25
Questão
An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to
Select one:
Questão 26
Questão
neural networks refer to
Responda
-
neural cables containing many axons
-
the branching extensions of a neuron
-
junctions between sending and receiving neurons
-
interrelated clusters of neurons in the central nervous system
Questão 27
Questão
Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
Responda
-
cerebellum
-
thalamus
-
amygdala
-
medulla
Questão 28
Questão
If your ________ is destroyed, the left side of your brain could not control the movements of your right hand.
Responda
-
amygdala
-
corpus callosum
-
hippocampus
-
brainstem
Questão 29
Questão
The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates
Responda
-
mutations.
-
natural selection.
-
environmental influences
-
heredity.
Questão 30
Questão
The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the
Responda
-
thalamus.
-
cerebellum.
-
medulla
-
amygdala
Questão 31
Questão
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called
Responda
-
reuptake
-
the action potential
-
the synapse
-
polarization
Questão 32
Questão
The principle of natural selection was first advanced by
Responda
-
Lyudmila trut
-
dimitry belyaev
-
Richard dawkins
-
charles darwin
Questão 33
Questão
The central nervous system consists of
Responda
-
somatic and autonomic systems.
-
. sensory and motor neurons.
-
sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
-
the brain and the spinal cord.
Questão 34
Questão
A synapse is a(n)
Responda
-
chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions.
-
neural cable containing many axons
-
junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.
-
automatic response to sensory input
Questão 35
Questão
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ________ nervous systems.
Responda
-
somatic
-
peripheral
-
autonomic
-
sympathetic
Questão 36
Responda
-
the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
-
a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons.
-
a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
-
a molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites.
Questão 37
Questão
The part of the brainstem that helps to coordinate movements is called the
Responda
-
nucleus accumbens
-
corpus callosum.
-
pons
-
amygdala.
Questão 38
Questão
The parasympathetic nervous system
Responda
-
stimulates digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
-
inhibits digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
-
inhibits digestion and slows heartbeat.
-
stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat.
Questão 39
Questão
Gender identity refers to
Responda
-
the set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
-
the sense of being male or female.
-
one's biological sex.
-
how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.
Questão 40
Questão
Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Which of the following most clearly highlights Mr. Eskenazi's gender typing of his children?
Responda
-
evolutionary psychology
-
cognitive neuroscience
-
social learning theory
-
Freudian psychology
Questão 41
Questão
A boy who exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns demonstrates the influence of
Questão 42
Questão
When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Vijay does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Vijay's behavior best illustrates the importance of
Responda
-
gender identity.
-
menarche.
-
testosterone.
-
gender roles
Questão 43
Questão
Children tend to organize their worlds into male and female categories. This best illustrates the importance of
Questão 44
Questão
Compared with men, women experience a greater risk of
Questão 45
Questão
Gender typing refers to the acquisition of
Responda
-
a traditional masculine or feminine role.
-
secondary sex characteristics.
-
expected behaviors for males or for females.
-
a sense of being either male or female.
Questão 46
Questão
The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a
Responda
-
gender schema
-
gender identity.
-
gender role.
-
gender type.
Questão 47
Questão
A gender role refers to
Responda
-
a sense of being male or female.
-
a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
-
a sense of being transgender.
-
one's birth sex.
Questão 48
Questão
Compared with females, males use conversation to
Questão 49
Questão
Compared with boys, girls are more likely to play in ________ groups.
Responda
-
small
-
unsupervised
-
mixed age
-
comeptitive
Questão 50
Questão
The roles assigned to women and men
Responda
-
have been pretty much the same in all historical time periods.
-
differ widely across cultures
-
are pretty much the same in all cultures.
-
differ widely across historical time periods but not across cultures.
Questão 51
Questão
A study of phone communication in France indicated that women make ________ phone calls than men and stay connected for a ________ period of time when talking to other women than men do when talking to other men.
Responda
-
fewer; shorter
-
fewer; longer
-
more; longer
-
more; shorter
Questão 52
Questão
Social learning theory emphasizes that
Responda
-
observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.
-
children only learn gender-typed behaviors if they have been directly rewarded for them.
-
children will not learn gender-typed behaviors if the same-sex parent is absent from the home.
-
all of these statements are true.
Questão 53
Questão
Although Wendy is genetically male, she dresses in women's clothes in order to express her strong sense of identity as a female. Wendy could best be described as
Responda
-
asexual
-
bisexual
-
transgender
-
intersex
Questão 54
Questão
The first appearance of secondary sex characteristics is most likely to be associated with the onset of
Responda
-
the x chromosome
-
gender identity
-
puberty
-
transgender
Questão 55
Questão
Maturation refers to
Responda
-
biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.
-
any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development
-
the acquisition of socially acceptable behaviors.
-
the physical and sexual development of early adolescence.
Questão 56
Questão
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
Responda
-
parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure.
-
incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
-
adjusting current schemas to make sense of new experiences.
-
developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers.
Questão 57
Questão
Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?
Responda
-
Ruth and Ramona, identical twins
-
Larry and Laura, brother and sister
-
Vincent Sr. and Vincent Jr., father and son
-
Philip and Paul, fraternal twins
Questão 58
Questão
A child's temperament is likely to be
Responda
-
a product of parenting style.
-
stable over time.
-
a reflection of his or her thinking.
-
Difficulty: Difficult to observe.
Questão 59
Questão
According to Erikson, adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to
Responda
-
integrity
-
autonomy
-
intimacy
-
generativity
Questão 60
Questão
At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are
Responda
-
authoritarian.
-
authoritative
-
conservative.
-
permissive.
Questão 61
Questão
Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to
Responda
-
withdraw a limb to escape pain.
-
look longer at face-like images.
-
open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.
-
turn the head away from a cloth placed over the face.
Questão 62
Questão
Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as ________ parents.
Responda
-
conventional
-
permissive
-
authoritative
-
authoritarian
Questão 63
Questão
Cognition refers to
Responda
-
any process of change that accompanies maturation.
-
any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain.
-
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
-
an emotional tie linking one person with another.
Questão 64
Questão
Most victims of childhood sexual abuse become normal adults. This best illustrates
Responda
-
object permanence.
-
egocentrism.
-
resilience.
-
conservation.
Questão 65
Questão
Erik Erikson suggested that the major psychosocial task of middle adulthood was to discover a sense of contributing to the world by being productive. According to Erikson, those who do this effectively demonstrate
Responda
-
generativity.
-
intuition.
-
integrity.
-
autonomy
Questão 66
Questão
According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.
Responda
-
preconventional
-
concrete operational
-
postconventional
-
conventional
Questão 67
Questão
Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the development of
Questão 68
Questão
According to Erikson, teens who suffer role confusion have not yet
Responda
-
achieved a sense of autonomy.
-
solidified a sense of identity
-
strived for a sense of competence.
-
experienced a sense of basic trust.
Questão 69
Questão
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
Responda
-
a failure to realize that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.
-
the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.
-
young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure.
-
a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking.
Questão 70
Questão
The cocktail party effect provides an example of
Responda
-
change blindness.
-
hypnagogic sensations.
-
selective attention
-
REM rebound.
Questão 71
Questão
a disinhibitor is a substance that makes you less impulsive
Questão 72
Questão
Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.
Responda
-
neurotransmitter
-
disinhibition
-
neuroadaptive
-
psychoactive
Questão 73
Questão
Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a
Responda
-
signal detector.
-
sensory adaptation.
-
perceptual set
-
difference threshold.
Questão 74
Questão
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes is called
Responda
-
top-down processing
-
prosopagnosia.
-
signal detection.
-
priming.
Questão 75
Questão
Patients who have negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure may experience increased postoperative pain. This best illustrates the importance of
Responda
-
top-down processing.
-
difference thresholds.
-
sensory adaptation.
-
priming.
Questão 76
Questão
For some people, hearing certain sounds may activate color-sensitive regions of the cortex so as to trigger a sensation of color. This phenomenon is called
Responda
-
telepathy.
-
kinesthesis.
-
synesthesia
-
tinnitus.
Questão 77
Questão
A gestalt is best described as a(n)
Responda
-
binocular cue.
-
illusion.
-
monocular cue.
-
organized whole.
Questão 78
Questão
Parapsychology refers to the
Responda
-
study of synesthesia.
-
study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis
-
direct transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.
-
study of perceptual illusions.
Questão 79
Questão
Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called
Responda
-
olfaction.
-
the vestibular sense.
-
sensory interaction.
-
kinesthesis
Questão 80
Responda
-
less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones.
-
more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones
-
less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.
-
more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.
Questão 81
Questão
Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?
Responda
-
feature detectors
-
bipolar cells
-
rods
-
cones
Questão 82
Questão
Accommodation refers to the
Responda
-
process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.
-
process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages.
-
quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation.
-
diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.
Questão 83
Questão
A mental set is most likely to inhibit
Responda
-
confirmation bias.
-
belief perseverance.
-
overconfidence.
-
creativity.
Questão 84
Questão
Experts would agree that intelligence is mental ability to learn from experience.
Questão 85
Questão
A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates
Responda
-
insight.
-
divergent thinking
-
convergent thinking.
-
intuition.
Questão 86
Questão
The heritability of intelligence refers to
Responda
-
the extent to which the distribution of intelligence scores of a group approximates a normal curve.
-
the proportion of variation in intelligence among individuals that is attributable to genetic variation.
-
the extent to which an individual's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.
-
a general underlying intelligence factor that is measured by every task on an intelligence test.
Questão 87
Questão
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people is a(n)
Responda
-
concept.
-
heuristic.
-
prototype.
-
algorithm.
Questão 88
Questão
People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates
Questão 89
Questão
Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as “75 percent lean” than to ground beef described as “25 percent fat.” This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by
Questão 90
Questão
Semantics refers to the
Responda
-
early speech stage in which a child speaks in two-word sentences.
-
rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.
-
ability to understand what is said to us.
-
orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences.
Questão 91
Questão
Conditioning is the process of
Responda
-
discrimination.
-
observational learning.
-
spontaneous recovery.
-
learning associations.
Questão 92
Questão
In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the
Responda
-
unconditioned reinforcer
-
unconditioned stimulus.
-
conditioned reinforcer.
-
conditioned stimulus.
Questão 93
Questão
A child learns to stop fighting with his brother when the fight leads to suspension of the child's TV-viewing privileges. In this case, the suspension of TV-viewing privileges is a
Responda
-
positive reinforcer.
-
negative reinforcer.
-
positive punishment.
-
negative punishment.
Questão 94
Questão
Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
Responda
-
positive reinforcer
-
negative reinforcer.
Questão 95
Questão
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
Responda
-
negative reinforcer
-
positive reinforcer.
Questão 96
Questão
Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of
Questão 97
Questão 98
Questão
chunking refers to the organization of information in to large groups not meaningful ones
Questão 99
Questão
process of encoding refers to getting info into memory
Questão 100
Questão
process of getting info out of memory is called
Responda
-
retrieval
-
ejection
-
extraction
-
memory taking
Questão 101
Questão
Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing
Responda
-
source amnesia.
-
flashbulb memories
-
amnesia.
Questão 102
Questão
Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates
Responda
-
motivated forgetting
-
retrograde amnesia.
-
source amnesia.
Questão 103
Questão
Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires
Responda
-
implicit memory.
-
working memory.
-
deep processing.
-
automatic processing.
Questão 104
Questão
Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.
Responda
-
implicit
-
sensory.
-
short-term
Questão 105
Questão
According to Freud, the unconscious is
Responda
-
a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behavior.
-
the part of personality that cannot process information.
-
the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
-
a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past.
Questão 106
Questão
The MMPI is an example of a(n)
Responda
-
personality inventory
-
self-esteem test.
-
projective test.
Questão 107
Questão
In response to stress, the adrenal glands release
Questão 108
Questão
Psychologists define stress as
Responda
-
physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion.
-
the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events.
Questão 109
Questão
A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is most unrelated to whether people
Questão 110
Questão
One of the major pillars of the positive psychology movement involves the study of
Responda
-
character strengths
-
the relaxation response.
-
self-control.
Questão 111
Questão
Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the
Responda
-
rats could control the termination of the shocks.
-
shocks became a routine part of the rats' daily life.
-
shocks were systematically associated with the delivery of appetizing food.
Questão 112
Questão
Subjective well-being refers to
Questão 113
Questão
An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)
Questão 114
Questão
The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
Responda
-
to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
-
an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion.
-
the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
-
to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.
Questão 115
Questão
Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as
Questão 116
Questão
A disorder in which a person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and disordered perceptions is a
Questão 117
Questão
In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a “word salad”?
Responda
-
schizophrenia
-
panic disorder
Questão 118
Questão
The onset of schizophrenia is typically associated with early
Responda
-
adulthood
-
adolescence.
-
childhood.
-
infancy.
Questão 119
Questão
Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)
Questão 120
Questão
A basic element of all effective psychotherapies is the
Responda
-
escape from real-life pressures offered by psychotherapy
-
client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better.
-
professional training and experience of the therapist.
Questão 121
Questão
A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is
Responda
-
active listening.
-
free association
-
operant conditioning
Questão 122
Questão
A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who
Responda
-
uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches.
-
prefers to engage in therapy in a group setting.
-
emphasizes that active listening is the major technique in all effective therapies.
Questão 123
Questão
Counterconditioning techniques for replacing unwanted responses are
Responda
-
systematic desensitization and free association.
-
aversive conditioning and exposure therapies.
-
unconditional positive regard and transference.
Questão 124
Questão
Humanistic therapists are likely to teach clients to