Questions @back of rivers section

What are the outputs from a drainage basin system?

[blank_start]Infiltration[blank_end] - the process by which water enters the soil [blank_start]Percolation[blank_end] - when water moves vertically down through soil and rock [blank_start]Throughflow[blank_end] - water in the soil flows downhill [blank_start]Groundwater flow[blank_end] - water in rock flows downhill [blank_start]Surface runoff[blank_end] - water flows overground [blank_start]Channel flow[blank_end] - flow of water in a river [blank_start]Channel storage[blank_end] - water held in a river [blank_start]Groundwater storage[blank_end] - water stored underground in rocks and soil [blank_start]Water table[blank_end] - upper surface of groundwater [blank_start]Interception[blank_end] - precipitation trapped or stored temporarily on vegetation [blank_start]Surface storage[blank_end] - precipitation stored above the ground, such as puddles, lakes and resevoirs

[blank_start]Freeze thaw[blank_end] weathering is the type of mechanical weathering that happens in [blank_start]drainage basins[blank_end]. It happens when the temperature alternates above or below [blank_start]0c[blank_end]. Water gets into the cracks in rocks, which [blank_start]expands[blank_end] when frozen, [blank_start]creating[blank_end] pressure, but [blank_start]contracts[blank_end] when thawing, [blank_start]releasing[blank_end] pressure. After repeats of this process, the cracks [blank_start]widen[blank_end] and the rocks break up.

Biological weathering is the breakdown of rocks by erosion

What type of weathering occurs when weak carbonic acid reacts with rock that contains calcium carbonate to dissolve the rocks?

A river's long profile shows the path of the river as it flows downhill, following a course

Label the diagram

Label the diagram of transportation processes

Deposition occurs when the [blank_start]volume[blank_end] of water in the river falls, the river reaches it's [blank_start]mouth[blank_end], the amount of eroded material [blank_start]increases[blank_end] and the water is [blank_start]shallower[blank_end].

Waterfalls form when a river flows over an area of [blank_start]hard rock[blank_end] followed by an area of [blank_start]softer rock[blank_end]. The softer rock is eroded more, so forms a [blank_start]step[blank_end] in the river, eventually forming a waterfall. The hard rock is eventually [blank_start]undercut[blank_end] by erosion as it becomes [blank_start]unsupported[blank_end] and collapses. The collapsed rock swirls around at the bottom creating a [blank_start]plunge pool[blank_end]. As more undercutting occurs, the waterfall [blank_start]retreats[blank_end], creating a [blank_start]gorge[blank_end].

Characteristics of interlocking spurs?

Characteristics of a flood plain?

Where is erosion more likely to occur in a river?

What is formed when erosion breaks through a river to follow the shortest course?

Label the different types of river deltas

Levees are natural embankments along the edges of rivers

Label the storm hydrograph

River discharge is affected by different factors. [blank_start]High rainfall[blank_end] and [blank_start]intense[blank_end] rainfall causes more runoff and a [blank_start]shorter lag[blank_end] time. [blank_start]Impermeable rock[blank_end] and previous wet conditions mean water can't [blank_start]infiltrate[blank_end] to saturated soil, so there's more [blank_start]runoff[blank_end] and shorter lag time. Low and light rainfall causes [blank_start]less[blank_end] runoff and a [blank_start]longer[blank_end] lag time, as well as [blank_start]gentle slopes[blank_end]. More vegetation means more water is [blank_start]interpreted[blank_end] and evaporates, so less water reaches the channel. [blank_start]Throughflow[blank_end] is also slowed by roots, so there's a longer lag time. Urban areas have lots of impermeable rock, [blank_start]increasing[blank_end] discharge. Rural areas have more vegetation, [blank_start]decreasing[blank_end] discharge.

There are many causes of flooding: P[blank_start]rolonged[blank_end] r[blank_start]ainfall[blank_end], h[blank_start]eavy[blank_end] r[blank_start]ainfall[blank_end], s[blank_start]nowmelt[blank_end], r[blank_start]elief[blank_end] and g[blank_start]eology[blank_end]. Human made causes of flooding are also known, such as d[blank_start]eforestation[blank_end] and u[blank_start]rbanisation[blank_end].

Advantages of soft engineering?

What are the advantages of hard engineering?

Disadvantages of soft engineering?

Disadvantages of hard engineering?