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Health Psychology Exam 1

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Health Psychology Quiz sobre Health Psychology Exam 1, criado por Zaneta Chan em 12-10-2016.
Zaneta Chan
Quiz por Zaneta Chan, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Zaneta Chan
Criado por Zaneta Chan aproximadamente 8 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
As discussed in the lecture, the term "health" is best described as __________.
Responda
  • The absence of illness
  • The absence of disease risks
  • The lack of a terminal condition
  • A positive state of mental, social, and physical well-being

Questão 2

Questão
In his continuum of illness & health, Aaron Antonovsky suggested that ____________.
Responda
  • Wellness & illness are interdependent concepts
  • Lifestyle has little impact on health or illness
  • Illnesses should be ignored until they become life-threatening
  • Medical treatment affects only the wellness side of the continuum

Questão 3

Questão
The proposition that all diseases can be explained by disturbances in physiological processes _______.
Responda
  • Is the basis of the biopsychosocial model
  • Is the basis of the biomedical model
  • Is consistent with its emphasis on psychosocial factors as causal agents of disease
  • Has never been widely accepted by the medical community

Questão 4

Questão
Smoking has been identified as a risk factor in each of the following health problems EXCEPT __________.
Responda
  • Stroke
  • Cancer
  • Chronic lung disease
  • Obesity

Questão 5

Questão
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between the ______ and the ______.
Responda
  • Conditioned stimulus; Conditioned response
  • Unconditioned stimulus; Unconditioned response
  • Conditioned stimulus; Unconditioned stimulus
  • Reinforcement; Punishment
  • Behavior; Consequence

Questão 6

Questão
An ex post facto study is a type of ______.
Responda
  • single-subject study
  • identical twin study
  • true experiment
  • quasi-experiment

Questão 7

Questão
According to Matarazzo, health-protective habits are known as _______, whereas health-impairing habits are known as ______.
Responda
  • Behavioral antigens; Behavioral antibodies
  • Behavioral pathogens; Behavioral immunogens
  • Behavioral antibodies; Behavioral antigens
  • Behavioral immunogen; Behavioral pathogens

Questão 8

Questão
Stress & BDNF (brain-derived neurotropic factor, which promotes the growth of new neurons) are related in some brain regions such that increased stress is linked to decreased BDNF. This relationship illustrates a _________.
Responda
  • positive correlation
  • negative correlation
  • neutral correlation
  • causal correlation

Questão 9

Questão
To study the effects of antioxidant consumption on heart disease, 200 healthy individuals, 17-21 years of age, were recruited to participate in a study that tracked their antioxidant intake and heart-disease incidence for 40 years. This study is an example of a ________.
Responda
  • true experiment
  • retrospective study
  • prospective study
  • a & b
  • a & c

Questão 10

Questão
That speech production and language comprehension are processed in different parts of the neocortex is evidence of _____.
Responda
  • lateralization of brain function
  • localization of brain function
  • redundancy of brain function
  • neuroplasticity of brain function
  • generalization of brain function

Questão 11

Questão
Phenylketonuria can be easily treated via _____.
Responda
  • surgery
  • daily medication
  • regular exercise
  • dietary restriction
  • psychotherapy

Questão 12

Questão
In the endocrine system, a lock-and-key relationship exists between the _____.
Responda
  • hormone & bloodstream
  • hormone & receptor on the target cell
  • endocrine gland & duct
  • neurotransmitter & ion channel
  • neurotransmitter & postsynaptic receptor

Questão 13

Questão
In the nervous system, a lock-and-key relationship exists between the _____.
Responda
  • hormone & bloodstream
  • hormone & receptor on the target cell
  • endocrine gland & duct
  • neurotransmitter & ion channel
  • neurotransmitter & postsynaptic receptor

Questão 14

Questão
During the stress response, the adrenal medulla releases _____ and the adrenal cortex releases _____.
Responda
  • cortisol; adrenaline
  • adrenaline; cortisol
  • adrenaline; noradrenaline
  • noradrenaline; adrenaline
  • opioids; cortisol

Questão 15

Questão
Neurons in the hypothalamus are involved in _____.
Responda
  • transfer of sensory information to the neocortex
  • memory consolidation
  • voluntary movement
  • feeding, fighting, fleeing, and mating
  • transfer of motor information from the neocortex

Questão 16

Questão
Allowing workers to have some control over their work hours, which tasks to work on, and the order in which they do them are examples of _____.
Responda
  • avoidance
  • intellectualization
  • stress-driven coping
  • enhancing personal control

Questão 17

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a part of the hindbrain?
Responda
  • cerebellum
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
  • medulla
  • b & c

Questão 18

Questão
During the action potential, the neuron is _____.
Responda
  • actively sending a message down the axon
  • undergoing ion transfer across the axonal membrane from the beginning of an axon to its end
  • not sending a message (but actively preparing to do so)
  • a & b
  • b & c

Questão 19

Questão
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are types of _____.
Responda
  • interneurons
  • sensory neurons
  • efferent cells
  • glial cells
  • afferent cells

Questão 20

Questão
The presence of a negative feedback loop in a body system indicates that the system of which it is part _____.
Responda
  • normally produces aversive effects for the organism
  • is associated with inhibitory neurotransmitter action
  • cannot be turned off once activated
  • has a built-in “brake” mechanism
  • produces inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials on the target cell

Questão 21

Questão
Compared to the effects of the nervous system, those of the endocrine system are _____.
Responda
  • more precise
  • more rapid
  • longer lasting
  • a & b
  • b & c

Questão 22

Questão
Which of the following is true regarding the role of emotions in health and illness?
Responda
  • People with positive emotions take better care of their health.
  • Fear prevents some people from obtaining medical care.
  • Recovery from illness can be affected by emotions.
  • All of the above

Questão 23

Questão
The condition called _____ produces resting motor tremors, bradykinesia (slow movement), and rigid posture that result from a deficiency of _____ released in the striatum.
Responda
  • multiple sclerosis; acetylcholine
  • multiple sclerosis; dopamine
  • Parkinson’s disease; dopamine
  • Parkinson’s disease; acetylcholine
  • epilepsy; serotonin

Questão 24

Questão
According to Hans Selye, during the _____ stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, as stress continues, the body works harder and harder to adapt over time, using many of its resources and reserves in an attempt to handle demands placed upon it.
Responda
  • alarm
  • opposition
  • resistance
  • conflict
  • challenge

Questão 25

Questão
According to the class lecture, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Responda
  • Stressors are always negative.
  • The stress response is the product of natural selection.
  • Stress can be alleviated (lessened) with good coping skills.
  • b & c
  • a & c

Questão 26

Questão
During the stress response, analgesia (pain relief) is caused mainly via endogenous _____ release.
Responda
  • opioid
  • catecholamine
  • reproductive hormone
  • glucocortinoid
  • adrenaline & noradrenaline

Questão 27

Questão
Which statement is TRUE about psychophysiological (i.e., psychosomatic) disorders?
Responda
  • They are associated with no real organic (physical) impairment.
  • They reflect faking on the part of the sufferer.
  • They are unrelated to psychological factors.
  • They are caused or exacerbated by psychological factors.
  • a, b & c

Questão 28

Questão
According to Walter Cannon, people are normally in a state of internal physiological equilibrium called _____.
Responda
  • flux
  • homeostasis
  • allostatic load
  • eustress
  • resistance

Questão 29

Questão
The fight or flight response is controlled by the _____ nervous system, whereas rest and digest functions are controlled by the _____ nervous system.
Responda
  • somatic; autonomic
  • enteric; somatic
  • sympathetic; parasympathetic
  • parasympathetic; sympathetic
  • central; peripheral

Questão 30

Questão
People with positive self-esteem may experience less stress because _____.
Responda
  • demands are perceived as challenges rather than threats in these individuals
  • threatening situations cause more analgesia in these individuals
  • people with positive self-esteem engage in little to no secondary appraisal
  • self-confidence is associated with Type S personality

Questão 31

Questão
What is TRUE of the relationship between stress and illness?
Responda
  • Stressors directly cause illness
  • Stressors contribute to psychological, but not physical, illness
  • Stressors contribute to physical, but not psychological, illness
  • Stressors suppress the immune system, which increases the probability of illness.

Questão 32

Questão
Research on biological sex and health has shown that women _____.
Responda
  • tend to live longer than do men
  • have fewer health problems than do men
  • tend to get more exercise than do men
  • use medical services less frequently than do men (excluding pregnancies)
  • benefit less from social support than do men

Questão 33

Questão
Transmission of information between neurons is primarily _____ in nature and involves _____.
Responda
  • electrical; the movement of ions
  • chemical; the release of neurotransmitters
  • electrical; the release of neurotransmitters
  • chemical; the movement of ions

Questão 34

Questão
The most stressful occupations are those that involve _____.
Responda
  • high demands and low control
  • high demands and high control
  • low demands and low control
  • low demands and high control

Questão 35

Questão
In what way are multiple sclerosis and diabetes type I similar?
Responda
  • They are both endocrine disorders.
  • They are both peripheral nervous system disorders.
  • They are both autoimmune disorders.
  • They are both characterized by underactive immune systems.
  • They are both characterized by decreased insulin release from the pancreas.

Questão 36

Questão
The process of replacing stress-provoking thoughts with more constructive thoughts is called _____.
Responda
  • systematic desensitization
  • cognitive restructuring
  • intellectualization
  • rationalization
  • cognitive assimilation

Questão 37

Questão
The best way of expressing the relationship between social support and mortality rate is that _____.
Responda
  • they have no relationship
  • social support increases mortality rate
  • high social support is correlated with a lower mortality rate
  • social support definitively causes lower mortality rate

Questão 38

Questão
Problem focused coping is LEAST likely to be used under which of the following situations?
Responda
  • job loss
  • final exams
  • death in the family
  • interpersonal conflicts
  • destruction of property due to a flood

Questão 39

Questão
The notion that social support is beneficial to health regardless of the stress level is called the _____ hypothesis.
Responda
  • buffering
  • social network
  • direct effects
  • social support

Questão 40

Questão
According to the textbook, culture influences _____.
Responda
  • beliefs regarding the cause of health and illness
  • accepted practices for curing illness
  • norms or expectations on what to do when one is ill
  • a, b & c

Questão 41

Questão
Making comparisons to someone whose condition is worse than your own is a type of _____.
Responda
  • cognitive emotion-focused coping
  • behavioral emotion-focused coping
  • problem-focused coping
  • stress-inoculation training

Questão 42

Questão
Applying the health belief model, women who do regular breast self-examinations (BSEs) _____.
Responda
  • believe they are susceptible to breast cancer
  • believe developing breast cancer would have serious effects
  • believe the benefits of doing BSEs outweigh the costs of doing BSEs
  • a, b & c

Questão 43

Questão
As defined by psychologists, Type C personality is _____.
Responda
  • prone to chronically high anxiety levels
  • cancer prone
  • characterized by high levels of commitment
  • characterized by high levels of personal control
  • prone to neuroendocrine problems

Questão 44

Questão
Atherosclerosis is caused by the buildup of plaque on the _____.
Responda
  • ventricles of the brain
  • inside of neurons
  • inside of artery walls
  • ventricles of the heart
  • myelin sheath

Questão 45

Questão
A pessimistic world view is characterized by attributions for negative events that are _____.
Responda
  • external, stable, & specific
  • external, stable, & global
  • internal, unstable & global
  • internal, stable, & global
  • internal, stable, & specific

Questão 46

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a useful scientific theory?
Responda
  • It enables predictions that can be subjected to empirical testing.
  • It is unchanging in the face of new data.
  • It relates information that may have previously seemed to be unrelated.
  • It organizes accepted facts in a coherent way.

Questão 47

Questão
A perceived discrepancy between the demands of a situation and the resources of a person leads to _____ in that person.
Responda
  • disease
  • stress
  • self-efficacy
  • personal control

Questão 48

Questão
The HPA axis is activated during _____.
Responda
  • parasympathetic nervous system activation
  • energy conservation
  • stress
  • rest-and-digest processes

Questão 49

Questão
Which of the following are risk factors for hypertension?
Responda
  • obesity
  • excessive alcohol intake
  • family history
  • stress
  • All of the above

Questão 50

Questão
Richard Lazarus' cognitive appraisal model of stress is important because of its emphasis on _____.
Responda
  • the role of perception in stress
  • the role of praise in reducing stress
  • directly changing environmental stressors
  • identifying physiological effects of stress

Questão 51

Questão
People who have an _____ locus of control believe that their decisions and behaviors affect their outcomes, and people with such a belief generally experience _____ physical and psychological health.
Responda
  • external; better
  • external; worse
  • internal; better
  • internal; worse

Questão 52

Questão
According to the theory of planned behavior (action), the key determinant of people’s behavior is _____.
Responda
  • intention
  • self-efficacy
  • social norms
  • perceived behavioral control
  • emotional stability

Questão 53

Questão
Coping is a(n) _____.
Responda
  • general term used to describe the motivation induced by major life changes
  • set of behaviors and strategies for reducing stress
  • autonomic nervous system response that increases arousal levels
  • autonomic nervous system response that decreases arousal levels

Questão 54

Questão
Actions taken to help a patient manage complicated, long term health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer and chronic musculoskeletal pain are generally referred to as _____.
Responda
  • primary prevention
  • secondary prevention
  • tertiary prevention
  • quaternary prevention

Questão 55

Questão
In operant conditioning, the association that is learned is between the _____ and the _____.
Responda
  • reinforcement; punishment
  • behavior; consequence
  • conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
  • unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
  • conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Questão 56

Questão
Which of the following is DIRECTLY measured with a polygraph?
Responda
  • lying
  • blood pressure
  • respiration rate
  • b & c
  • a, b & c

Questão 57

Questão
_____ prevention refers to specific actions that are made to avoid injury or illness.
Responda
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quaternary

Questão 58

Questão
In highly industrialized countries, females are more likely than are men to develop _____, whereas males are more likely than are females to develop _____.
Responda
  • respiratory infection; depressive disorder
  • diabetes; dysmenorrhea
  • autoimmune disorder; substance dependence disorder
  • alcoholism; autoimmune disorder
  • depressive disorder; multiple sclerosis

Questão 59

Questão
In research, a “double blind” design eliminates/reduces _____ effects.
Responda
  • participant expectancy
  • experimenter expectancy
  • confounding variable
  • a, b, & c

Questão 60

Questão
In an experiment designed to investigate the effects of mental training on cognitive function in elderly individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, the dependent variable is _____.
Responda
  • mental training
  • cognitive function
  • elderly individuals
  • Alzheimer’s disease

Questão 61

Questão
White matter in the nervous system indicates the presence of _____, whereas gray matter indicates the presence of _____.
Responda
  • axons; soma & dendrites
  • soma & dendrites; axons
  • cell bodies; soma
  • axon terminals; axons
  • axons; axon terminals

Questão 62

Questão
Oxytocin release induces _____.
Responda
  • milk ejection during lactation
  • milk production by the mammary glands
  • uterine contractions during parturition
  • a & c
  • a, b & c

Questão 63

Questão
Those experiencing an uncontrollable stressful event benefit more from _____ support, whereas those experiencing a controllable stressful event benefit more from _____ support.
Responda
  • tangible; emotional
  • emotional; tangible
  • tangible; instrumental
  • instrumental; tangible

Questão 64

Questão
Generation of the action potential occurs in the _____.
Responda
  • dendrite
  • soma
  • axon hillock
  • axon terminal (synaptic knob)
  • synapse

Questão 65

Questão
According to the biopsychosocial model presented in lecture, health and disease outcomes flow directly from ____.
Responda
  • psychological factors
  • biological factors
  • social factors
  • a, b & c

Questão 66

Questão
Brain coral gets its name from the fact that its outer covering (bark) resembles that of the _____.
Responda
  • corpus callosum
  • thalamus
  • tectum
  • spinal cord
  • neocortex

Questão 67

Questão
In an experiment designed to investigate the effect of synthetic myelin treatment on the symptoms of multiple sclerosis in adolescent girls, the independent variable is _____.
Responda
  • synthetic myelin treatment
  • symptoms of multiple sclerosis
  • age
  • biological sex

Questão 68

Questão
Incidence of an illness refers to the _____.
Responda
  • number of new cases of an illness in a 1-year period
  • number of deaths due to the illness in a 1-year period
  • proportion of the population that has the illness in a 1-year period
  • percentage of total deaths caused by the illness in a given time frame

Questão 69

Questão
Health psychologists are most likely to view health _____.
Responda
  • from a biopsychosocial perspective
  • from a biomedical perspective
  • as the absence of illness
  • as a unidimensional condition
  • as a static, unchanging state

Questão 70

Questão
A woman who inherits a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation has an elevated risk of developing _____.
Responda
  • breast cancer
  • ovarian cancer
  • brain cancer
  • autoimmune disorders
  • a & b
  • c & d

Questão 71

Questão
Parkinson's disease is most closely associated with the destruction of brain cells in the _____.
Responda
  • midbrain substantia nigra
  • forebrain substantia nigra
  • hindbrain substantia nigra
  • midbrain striatum
  • forebrain striatum
  • hindbrain striatum

Questão 72

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a part of the stress response?
Responda
  • increased digestion
  • increased heart rate
  • increased blood pressure
  • increased lipolysis (breakdown of fats)

Questão 73

Questão
A person who had experienced "mysterious" symptoms for months is finally diagnosed with a particular physical disorder by a doctor. Learning the diagnosis is likely to endow the person immediately with which type of personal control?
Responda
  • informational
  • decisional
  • behavioral
  • cognitive

Questão 74

Questão
According to Lazarus' Transactional Model, stress arises from a person's _____.
Responda
  • perception of events
  • negative life events
  • everyday hassles
  • strong emotional reactions to environmental stimuli
  • physical health

Questão 75

Questão
According to the Buffering Hypothesis, the protective effect of social support is most likely to occur _____.
Responda
  • in situations that induce high levels of stress
  • in situations that induce low levels of stress
  • in situations that induce moderate levels of stress
  • independently of stress level

Questão 76

Questão
The Life Events or Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) assumes that _____.
Responda
  • level of change in life adjustment is the key factor in producing/measuring stress
  • only undesirable events are valid predictors of stress
  • positive life events counteract negative life events in overall experience of stress
  • daily events contribute more to stress than do major life events

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