Questão 1
Questão
Glia cells have to categories: Microglia and Macroglia
One type pf microglia are [blank_start]Macrophages[blank_end] that are responsible for cleaning up dead tisse
The three types of [blank_start]Macroglia[blank_end] are Asctocytes, Oligodendrocytes, and Schwann Cells
Responda
-
Macrophages
-
Astrocytes
-
Oligodendrocytes
-
Schwann Cells
-
Macroglia
-
Macrophages
-
Microglia
-
Masterglia
Questão 2
Questão
What type of Glial cell provides physical support, chemical support, and creates the blood brain barrier?
Responda
-
Astrocytes
-
Oligodendrocytes
-
Schwann Cells
Questão 3
Questão
What type of glial cell creates a myelin sheath, assists in conduction, and is confined to the CNS?
Responda
-
Astrocytes
-
Schwann Cells
-
Oligodendrocytes
Questão 4
Questão
What type of glial cell are single cells that wrap around axons, create the myelin sheath, assist in conduction, and are confined to the PNS?
Responda
-
Oligodendrocytes
-
Astrocytes
-
Schwann Cells
Questão 5
Questão
Typically there is more...
Questão 6
Questão
What equation describes the relation between concentration differences of a permeating ion (free flow) across a membrane and the membrane potential at equilibrium?
Responda
-
The Goldman Equation
-
V=IR
-
The Nernst Equation
-
v=m/s
Questão 7
Questão
In the Nernst equation the shortcut numbers from valence 1 (Na+, K+) and 18 degrees to 37 degrees and from valence 2 (Ca2+) and 18 to 37 degrees are...
Responda
-
58,29,30.5,61
-
58,61,29,30.5
-
57,61,28,30.5
-
29,30.5,58,61
Questão 8
Questão
When using the Nernst equation for ions with a negative valence (Cl-) you must switch the concentration protion of the equation to Cin/Cout rather than Cout/Cin
Questão 9
Questão
With ion free flow..
K+ should produce a [blank_start]-[blank_end]'ve environment inside the cell
Na+ should produce a [blank_start]+[blank_end]'ve environment inside the cell
Cl- should produce a [blank_start]-[blank_end]'ve environment inside the cell
Questão 10
Questão
What equation takes into account permeability and assumes infinite permeability with regard to ion movement?
Responda
-
The Nernst Equation
-
The Goldman Equation
-
The Ion Equation
-
None of the above
Questão 11
Questão
The resting voltage potential of...
K+ is [blank_start]-75[blank_end]mV
Na+ is [blank_start]+54[blank_end]mV
Cl- is [blank_start]-56[blank_end]mV
Questão 12
Questão
When a membrane moved from -65mV -> a more negative value it is known as
Responda
-
Depolarization
-
Hyperpolarization
-
Neutral polarization
-
Additive polarization
Questão 13
Questão
The time constant (t) represents how quickly membrane potential changes with charge and...
Responda
-
Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 53% of its max V
-
Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 67% of its max V
-
Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 63% of its max V
Questão 14
Questão
The statement below correstond to:
- anything physical preventing movement of charge down an axon
- the ability of charge to leak from the axon
Responda
-
Ri and Rm
-
Rm and Ri
-
Rf and Ri
-
Rt and Rm
Questão 15
Questão
The length constant lambda measures how far along an axon you have to travel before there is a significant change in membrane potential (27% of initial V)
Questão 16
Questão
What are the passive electrical properties?
Questão 17
Questão
An excitatory response usually refers to the movement of [blank_start]Na+[blank_end] ions, and an inhibitory response is often refering to the movement of [blank_start]Cl-[blank_end] ions.
Questão 18
Questão
What are the characteristics of an Axon Hillock?
Responda
-
Its the origin of the action potential
-
It is known as the integration center
-
It is dense in voltage gates Na+ Channels
-
It is dense in GAP Junctions
-
It is the origin of the axon form the cell body
Questão 19
Questão
Ion Channels have...
Responda
-
4 domains
-
6 domains
-
4 membrane spanning segments
-
6 membrane spanning segments
-
an "l-loop" to create a pore for ions to travel through
-
a "p-loop" to create a pore for ions to travel through
Questão 20
Questão
[blank_start]A Ligand Gated Channel[blank_end]: depends on ligand presence
[blank_start]Phosphorylation Gated Channel[blank_end]: if an intracellular component is phosphorylated the channel will open
[blank_start]Stretch or Pressure Gated Channel[blank_end]: Cytoskeletal proteins adhere channel to membrane, any disruption of membrane causes cytoskeleton proteins to tighten-> channel opens
Questão 21
Questão
K+ Voltage gated channels...
Questão 22
Questão
What is the most important mode of ion channel selectivity?
Responda
-
Chemoreception
-
Hydration Shells
-
Physical size
-
Shape
Questão 23
Questão
What are the characteristics of an Action Potential?
Questão 24
Questão
The action potential:
[blank_start]Resting Phase[blank_end]: key components of AP are K+ channels and voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels
[blank_start]Depolarization[blank_end]: Charge already in axon moves from a different site, build up of positive charge
[blank_start]Rising phase[blank_end]: activation threshold passed, Na+ channels open, rapid depolarization
[blank_start]Overshoot[blank_end]: AP approaches Nernst potential for Na+
[blank_start]Falling Phase[blank_end]: Na+ channels become inactive, some K+ channels open
[blank_start]Undershoot[blank_end]: occurs because K+ channels cant close quickly, permeability to K+ greater than at rest
[blank_start]Repolarization[blank_end]: more K+ channels close, Na+/K+ pump returns the membrane to resting potential
Responda
-
Resting Phase
-
Depolarization
-
Rising phase
-
Overshoot
-
Falling Phase
-
Undershoot
-
Repolarization
Questão 25
Questão
The unidirectionality of the Action Potential is due to the fact that Na+ channels inactivate
Questão 26
Questão
What are the periods of time after an AP where it is impossible and difficult to generate another AP?
Responda
-
Relative and Absolute Refractory Period
-
Negative and Positive Refractory Period
-
Up and Down Refractory Period
-
Absolute and Relative Refractory Period
Questão 27
Questão
What makes it hard to trigger a second AP in close proximity to an initial AP?
Responda
-
Increased K+ permeability
-
The temperature of the membrane
-
The inactivation of Na+ channels
-
The unidirectionality
-
The decreased membrane resistance
Questão 28
Questão
What factors influence the conduction velocity of an axon?
Responda
-
Length
-
Diameter
-
Temperature
-
Shape
-
Myelination
-
None of the above
Questão 29
Questão
Increased diameter increases internal resistance
Questão 30
Questão
Decreased Ri leads to an increased lamda (length constant)
Questão 31
Questão
Myelination effects Ri
Questão 32
Questão
A 2 degree temperature change increases conduction my 2x
Questão 33
Questão
increased diameter= decreased Ri= increased S.A= increased Rm
Questão 34
Questão
What characterizes Gap Junctions?
Responda
-
Chemical synapses
-
Electrical synapses
-
Non-chemical communication
-
Slow response
-
Two hemi channels
-
Blocking connection between two cells
-
Ions and proteins can pass through
-
Rapid communication
-
Synchrony between cells
-
Bidirectional movement
Questão 35
Questão
You usually find Gap Junctions in cardiomycetes, in the retina, various aquatic animals (escape response, electrical), in glial cells, and in neurons
Questão 36
Questão
What is the entire purpose of an Action Potential?
Questão 37
Questão
What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?
Responda
-
GABA
-
Glutamate
-
Glucose
-
Dopamine
Questão 38
Questão
What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Responda
-
GABA
-
Glutamate
-
Inhibin
-
Serotonin
Questão 39
Questão
An Axon Collateral is when an axon splits into a bunch of different arms (with the same AP) and activates a larger area of muscle tissue
Questão 40
Questão
The Nicotinic ACh Receptor has
Responda
-
4 domains
-
5 domains
-
4 membrane spanning segments
-
5 membrane spanning segments
-
Needs 1 site bound with ACh for activation
-
Once open allows Na+ and K+ to pass through
-
Once open has a net hyper-polarizing effect
Questão 41
Questão
[blank_start]7[blank_end]. Degradation of the neurotransmitter by acetylcholinesterase
[blank_start]2[blank_end]. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels activate
[blank_start]4[blank_end]. ACh binding to ACh receptors
[blank_start]3[blank_end]. Exocytosis
[blank_start]8[blank_end]. Reuptake of broken down neurotransmitter
[blank_start]6[blank_end]. Na+ channel activation
[blank_start]5[blank_end]. Depolarization of the post synaptic cell
[blank_start]1[blank_end]. Depolarization, charge arrives at the terminal
Questão 42
Questão
What are the correct steps within neurotransmitter release?
[blank_start]4[blank_end]. Priming
[blank_start]1[blank_end]. Reserve Pool
[blank_start]6[blank_end]. Endocytosis
[blank_start]2[blank_end]. Targeting
[blank_start]5[blank_end]. Exocytosis
[blank_start]3[blank_end]. Docking
Questão 43
Questão
What are two types of v-snares?
Responda
-
Synaptolagmin
-
Snap25
-
Syntaxin
-
Synaptobrevin
Questão 44
Questão
What are two t-snares with regard to vesicle binding?
Responda
-
Synaptolagmin
-
Syntaxin
-
Snap25
-
Syntaptobrevin
Questão 45
Questão
In vesicle binding...
[blank_start]Targeting[blank_end]= vesicle moves close to membrane
[blank_start]Docking[blank_end]= snare complex
[blank_start]Priming[blank_end]= Ca2+ interacts with synaptolagmin
[blank_start]Fusion[blank_end]= opens up vesicle
Responda
-
Targeting
-
Docking
-
Priming
-
Fusion
Questão 46
Questão
[blank_start]Neuroendocrine[blank_end]= released by nerve cells into circulation-> target cell
[blank_start]Paracrine[blank_end]= released and diffuses to the target tissue through the extracellular fluid
[blank_start]Autocrine[blank_end]= target cell is the same cell releasing the hormone (must bind a receptor on membrane to activate pathway)
[blank_start]Neurocrine[blank_end]= neuron secretes in the immediate vicinity of target cell
[blank_start]Pheromone[blank_end]= released into the environment-> biological response
Responda
-
Neuroendocrine
-
Paracrine
-
Autocrine
-
Neurocrine
-
Pheromone
Questão 47
Questão
What type of hormone is the most common in the body, and has an a.a backbone?
Questão 48
Questão
What hormone has a cholesterol backbone and includes androgens, estrogen, progesterone, and corticosteroids?
Questão 49
Questão
What hormone is produced by membranes?
Questão 50
Questão
With signal transduction from receptors what is the term for a hormone stimulating biological activity, blocking biological activity and for binding without stimulating biological activity?
Responda
-
Competitive antagonists, antagonists and agonists
-
Antagonists, agonists, and competitive antagonists
-
agonists, antagonists, and competitive antagonists
-
agonists, competitive antagonists, and antagonists
Questão 51
Questão
K+1/K-1= Ka
This equation represents what of a hormone/receptor interaction?
Responda
-
Affinity- how tightly the hormone was bound
-
Equilibrium Dissociation Constant
-
Equilibrium Association Constant
-
How such hormone is required for high affinity
-
units= M-1sec-1
-
units= sec-1
Questão 52
Questão
1/Ka=Kd
This equation represents what of a hormone/receptor interaction?
Responda
-
Equilibrium Dissociation Constant
-
Equilibrium Association Constant
-
Affinity- how tightly a hormone will bind
-
How much of a hormone is required for high affinity
-
units= sec-1
-
units= M-1sec-1
Questão 53
Questão
A hormone that is more specific to the receptor requires a [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] concentration to reach Kd
Questão 54
Responda
-
effective dose of a hormone giving half of the maximal response
-
a measure of potency
-
is a function of receptor affinity
-
is a set value for all receptors
-
a measure for receptor saturation
Questão 55
Questão
upregulation refers to the increased production of receptors and downregulation refers to the decreased production of receptors
Questão 56
Questão
Receptor capacity change effects [blank_start]max response[blank_end]
Receptor affinity effects [blank_start]ED50[blank_end]
Questão 57
Questão
What characteristics relate to intracellular receptors?
Responda
-
They are in the cytoplasm or nucleus
-
They are in the membrane
-
Steroids and iodothyronines
-
receptor transitions into a transcription factor after its bound
-
Ultimately leads to the synthesis of new proteins
-
Ultimately leads to the synthesis of lipids
-
Associated with accesory proteins
Questão 58
Questão
What are the two types of membrane receptors?
Questão 59
Questão
Which statement about Receptor Tyrosine Kinases is TRUE?
Responda
-
The alpha subunit is the extracellular and transmembrane segment
-
The beta subunit contains hormone binding side
-
Dimerization occurs after hormone binding
-
Leads to the dephosphorylation of proteins
Questão 60
Questão
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding ion channel receptors?
Responda
-
The channel is a receptor but not an effector
-
The channel doesn't require hormone binding for activation
-
A conformational change occurs once the ligand binds
-
The channel is known as an intracellular receptor
Questão 61
Questão
Which of the following are types of G-proteins?
Questão 62
Questão
Within a G-protein coupled receptor and the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, the subunit [blank_start]alpha[blank_end] acts as the effector enzyme
Questão 63
Questão
G-protein receptors Gs an Gi function to stimulate and inhibit...
Questão 64
Questão
Within the G-protein coupling pathway regarding adenylyl cyclase, what are the steps to biological response?
[blank_start]3[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of Adenylyl Cyclase
[blank_start]1[blank_end]. Substrate binds receptor
[blank_start]4[blank_end]. Activation of cAMP
[blank_start]6[blank_end]. Biological response
[blank_start]2[blank_end]. Dissociation of G-protein subunits
[blank_start]5[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues on target proteins
Questão 65
Questão
What enzyme reverses the action of cAMP?
Responda
-
Glucanase
-
Cholesterase
-
Phosphodiesterase
-
Lipase
Questão 66
Questão
What characterizes Phosphodiesterase?
Responda
-
inactivates cAMP by hydrolyzing the ring to 3' AMP
-
inactivates cAMP by hydrolyzing the ring to 5' AMP
-
inhibited by a family of methylxanthines (ex. caffeine)
-
inhibited by neurotransmitters
-
Has only 2 different forms
Questão 67
Questão
What characterizes Gq/11 G-proteins?
Responda
-
Most known as Cl- mobilizing hormones
-
Most known as Ca2+ mobilizing hormones
-
Activates Phospholipase-C (PLC)
-
Activates Phosphodiesterases
-
Activates phosphatidyl inositol turnover
-
PLC converts phosphatidyl inositol to IP3 and DAG
(inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol)
Questão 68
Questão
The pathway sequence with regard to Gq G-proteins goes...
[blank_start]1[blank_end]. Binding of ligand to receptor
[blank_start]6[blank_end]. Increase in intracellular Ca2+
[blank_start]3[blank_end]. Dissociation of Galphaq subunit
[blank_start]7[blank_end]. Activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC)
[blank_start]4[blank_end]. Activation of phosphatidyl inositol and phospholipase C
[blank_start]9[blank_end]. Biological response
[blank_start]5[blank_end]. PLC converts PI into two messangers (IP3 and DAG)
[blank_start]2[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of Galphaq subunit
[blank_start]8[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of a.a residues on target proteins
Questão 69
Questão
The anterior pituitary is derived from dorsal outgrowth of [blank_start]buccal cavity[blank_end] ([blank_start]roof of mouth[blank_end])
The posterior pituitary [blank_start]embryologically[blank_end] derived from the [blank_start]brain[blank_end]
Responda
-
buccal cavity
-
the brain
-
roof of mouth
-
the hypothalamus
-
embryologically
-
zygotically
-
physiologically
-
brain
-
roof of the mouth
Questão 70
Questão
Pituitary function is regulated by the production of neurohormones in the hypothalamus
Questão 71
Questão
The entire pituitary gland is also known as the....
Responda
-
Neurohypophysis
-
Adenohypophysis
-
Hypophysis
-
Nuclei cluster
Questão 72
Questão
What characterizes Neurohypophysis?
Responda
-
Pars Nervosa
-
Pars Distalis
-
Pars Intermedia
-
Oxytocin
-
Vasopressin (ADH)
-
Synthesis of hormones in the Pituitary
-
Synthesis of hormones in the Hypothalamus
-
Release into the blood stream
Questão 73
Questão
What characterizes Adenohypophysis?
Questão 74
Questão
The sections of the pituitary...
Anterior lobe= Pars [blank_start]Distalis[blank_end]
Intermediate lobe= [blank_start]Pars Intermedia[blank_end]
[blank_start]Neural[blank_end] lobe/Posterior lobe= [blank_start]Pars Nervosa[blank_end]
Responda
-
Distalis
-
Pars Intermedia
-
Pars Nervosa
-
Neural
Questão 75
Questão
Antidiuretic hormone (also known as AVP) acts through two types of receptors...
V1= mediate vascular [blank_start]smooth muscle contraction[blank_end] (ex. [blank_start]vasoconstriction[blank_end] leads to increase blood pressure)
V2= produces [blank_start]renal action[blank_end] of AVP (ex. [blank_start]conserves water[blank_end] to increase blood pressure)
Questão 76
Questão
AVP secretion effect on blood pressure:
[blank_start]Increased[blank_end] BP->[blank_start]activation[blank_end] of baroreceptors->[blank_start]increased[blank_end] AVP secretion->increased [blank_start]H2O[blank_end] uptake (V2 receptor) and [blank_start]constriction[blank_end] of arterioles (V1 receptor)->increase BP
Responda
-
Increased
-
Decreased
-
High
-
Low
-
activation
-
inhibition
-
lipid binding
-
increased
-
decreased
-
moderate
-
unnecessary
-
H2O
-
Salt
-
Sugar
-
Nutrient
-
Constriction
-
Dilation
-
Looping
Questão 77
Questão
AVP effect on plasma osmolality:
Increased blood osmolality->[blank_start]activate[blank_end] osmoreceptors in CNS->[blank_start]increased[blank_end] AVP secretion->increased H2O [blank_start]retention[blank_end] (V2) and increased Na+ secretion (V2)->increased urine [blank_start]concentration[blank_end] and decreased urine [blank_start]volume[blank_end]
Responda
-
activate
-
deactivate
-
inactivate
-
increased
-
decreased
-
maintained
-
retention
-
secretion
-
mediation
-
storage
-
concentration
-
fluidity
-
temperature
-
dilution
-
volume
-
flow
-
production rate
Questão 78
Questão
Oxytocin effects...
Responda
-
Milk release after parturition
-
Blocks milk release
-
Stimulates uterine contraction
-
Inhibits uterine contraction
-
Stimulates contraction of myometrium
-
Inhibits contraction of myometrium
-
undergoes positive feedback
-
undergoes negative feedback
-
Secretion induced from stretching of birth canal in birth
Questão 79
Questão
[blank_start]Negative[blank_end] feedback loops are responsible for maintaining homeostasis
Questão 80
Questão
What is Family 1 of peptide hormones involved in adenohypophysis?
Questão 81
Questão
What s Family 2 of peptide hormones of adenohypophysis?
Questão 82
Questão
What belongs to Family 3 of peptide hormones of adenohypophysis?
Questão 83
Questão
What is an example(s) of glycoprotein hormone(s)?
Questão 84
Questão
What are examples of Gonadotropin hormones?
Questão 85
Questão
Family II of Peptide Hormones have two separate units, the alpha units which are the [blank_start]same[blank_end] for all peptide hormones and beta subunits which are [blank_start]different[blank_end] and confer the [blank_start]special function[blank_end] of the hormone
Responda
-
same
-
regulated
-
variable
-
replacible
-
different
-
uniform
-
gelatenous
-
rare
-
special function
-
size
-
potency
-
necessity
Questão 86
Questão
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) has one gene that produces one protein that is cleaved in the ER in order to produce many biologically active fragments. They are cleaved by a family of prohormone convertases
Questão 87
Questão
What factors effect the release of Prolactin (PRL)?
Questão 88
Questão
Prolactin is important in Reproduction and Growth and Development, but not Osmoregulation
Questão 89
Questão
What are the reproductive actions of Prolactin in males?
Questão 90
Questão
What are the reproductive actions of Prolactin in females?
Responda
-
Increase progesterone synthesis
-
Increase oxytocin synthesis
-
Synthesis of casein (milk protein) and fatty acids
-
Formation of uterine wall
-
Osmoregulatory in uterus
-
Hyperprolactinemia= reduced GnRH release and LH production
-
Hyperprolactinemia= increased GnRH release and LH production
Questão 91
Questão
What characterizes Growth Hormones?
Questão 92
Questão
Hormones and factors that have an effect on Growth Hormone...
GHRH has a [blank_start]+[blank_end] effect
Somatostatin has a [blank_start]-[blank_end] effect
IGF-1 has a [blank_start]-[blank_end] effect
Hypoglycemia has a [blank_start]+[blank_end] effect
High protein meal has a [blank_start]+[blank_end] effect
Fatty acids have a [blank_start]-[blank_end] effect
Questão 93
Questão
GH deficiency early in life, and late in life causes respectively...
Responda
-
weakness, low sex drive, and genital atrophy ---- Dwarfism
-
Dwarfism ---- weakness, low sex drive, and genital atrophy
Questão 94
Questão
Excess GH early in life and later in life cause respectively....
Questão 95
Questão
What factors effect TSH release?
Responda
-
Temperature
-
TRH
-
T5
-
T4
-
T3
-
Osmoregulation
Questão 96
Questão
A goiter is a result of iodine deficiency leading to...
Responda
-
High T3, and T4 and high TSH
-
Low T3 and T4 and low TSH
-
High T3 and T4 and high TSH
-
Low T3 and T4 and High TSH
Questão 97
Questão
Steps in the synthesis of Thyroid Hormones
[blank_start]3[blank_end]. Iodination of tyrosyl residues of thyroglobin molecules to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT)
[blank_start]1[blank_end]. Iodide trapping by active transport (symport with Na+)
[blank_start]4[blank_end]. Oxidative coupling of iodinated tyrosines-> form mainly T4 and less T3 (stored in colloid space)
[blank_start]2[blank_end]. Oxidation of iodide (I-) to iodine (I2) by iodide peroxidase
Questão 98
Questão
T3 is produced in tissues outside the thyroid gland from [blank_start]deiodination[blank_end] of T4 in liver kidneys, anterior pituitary, cerebral cortex, and brown fat.
Responda
-
deiodination
-
iodination
-
hydrolyzation
-
lysis
Questão 99
Questão
Thyroid hormones are lipophobic and thus use intracellular receptors
Questão 100
Questão
What are the effects of TH on various target tissues?
Questão 101
Questão
Basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy to keep the body working properly, what specific hormone has a positive effect on BMR?
Questão 102
Questão
Thermogenesis with relation to TH:
Cold->neuroendocrine reflex->[blank_start]increased[blank_end] hypothalamic TRH->increased [blank_start]TSH[blank_end]->increased [blank_start]T4[blank_end] and [blank_start]T3[blank_end] production->thermogenesis
Responda
-
increased
-
decreased
-
TSH
-
TRH
-
TH
-
T4
-
T5
-
T3
-
T2
Questão 103
Questão
What hormone is the key regulator of reproduction in vertebrates
Questão 104
Questão
What characterizes the hormone GnRH?
Responda
-
Synthesis in neurosecratory neurons
-
Free floating in the extracellular fluid
-
Secreted in a pulsatile manner
-
Peptide hormone
-
Amino Acid hormone
Questão 105
Questão
GnRH acts to stimulate or suppress the reproductive process and cell division
Questão 106
Questão
________ stimulates _______ peptin and that stimulates __________.
Responda
-
GnRH, Kiss, Estrogen
-
Kiss, Estrogen, GnRH
-
Estrogen, Kiss, GnRH
-
Kiss, GnRH, Estrogen
Questão 107
Questão
Birth control pills are made up of only estrogen
Questão 108
Questão
Binding proteins are critical in maintaining...
Questão 109
Questão
Effects of gonadal steroids in women...
Responda
-
Estrogen can increase LH secretion
-
Estrogen effects mediated my Kiss Peptins
-
Inhibit the ovulatory surge of gonadotropins (mainly LH)
-
Combination of estrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH production
Questão 110
Questão
What two gonadal peptides shut off and activate GnRH production from pituitary?
Questão 111
Questão
Activin and inhibin are produced in the ovary and testis and are involved in the specific regulation of FSH where they stimulate of inhibit the secretion of FSH without effecting LH.
Questão 112
Questão
What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?
Responda
-
Luteal
-
Shedding
-
Stimulating
-
Follicular
Questão 113
Responda
-
Maturation of oocyte and ovulation
-
Result of stimulaiton from GnRH
-
Surge result in maturation/ovulation
-
Produce estrogen and progesterone
Questão 114
Responda
-
Estrogen->Kiss peptins->GnRH->LH&FSH
-
Produced by corpus luteum
-
Build up caused by progesterone
-
Regression of corpus luteum
Questão 115
Questão
If pregnancy occurs chorionic gonadotroph (sectreted from [blank_start]placenta[blank_end]) secretions prolong the [blank_start]progesterone[blank_end] secretion and maintains pregnancy
Responda
-
Placenta
-
Corpus Luteum
-
Hyothalamus
-
progesterone
-
estrogen
-
LH
-
GnRH
Questão 116
Questão
All steroid hormones are derived from [blank_start]cholesterol[blank_end] and are lipid soluble therefore must utilize [blank_start]binding[blank_end] proteins
Responda
-
cholesterol
-
amino acids
-
glucose
-
fatty acids
-
binding
-
pairing
-
matching
-
protecting
Questão 117
Questão
In the steroid hormone synthesis pathway:
-The Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ([blank_start]StAR[blank_end]) moves [blank_start]cholesterol[blank_end] into the inner membrane of the [blank_start]mitochondria[blank_end] (shuttling protein)
-The [blank_start]cytrochrome[blank_end] P450 side chain cleavage is the rate limiting enzyme
-[blank_start]Aromatase[blank_end] is used in the conversion from androstenedione and testosterone to estrogen and Estradiol
-The only determination of product=[blank_start]specific[blank_end] enzymes along the pathway
Responda
-
StAR
-
cholesterol
-
amino acids
-
glucose
-
mitochondria
-
golgi body
-
ER
-
Cell
-
cytrochrome
-
Aromatase
-
Aromylase
-
Convertase
-
specific
-
major
-
selective
Questão 118
Questão
Androgens experience only [blank_start]-[blank_end] feedback
Estrogen experiences only [blank_start]+[blank_end] feedback
Questão 119
Questão
Which of these options correctly pairs pancreatic hormones with the type of cell that produces them?
Responda
-
Insulin- beta cells
-
Insulin- alpha cells
-
Glucagon- alpha cells
-
Glucagon- beta cells
Questão 120
Questão
Which of these hormones are produced in the adrenal glands?
Responda
-
Insulin
-
Glucocorticoids
-
Glucagon
-
Adrenalin
Questão 121
Questão
[blank_start]Glycogenolysis[blank_end]= the conversion of glycogen to glucose
[blank_start]Gluconeogenesis[blank_end]= the synthesis of new glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates (a.as or glycerol)
Responda
-
Glycogenolysis
-
Glycogen Synthesis
-
Gluconeogenesis
-
Glycolysis
Questão 122
Responda
-
Increases blood glucose
-
Is a hypoglycemic hormone
-
Enhanced cellular storage of glucose
-
Opposes fat synthesis
-
Acts on RTK receptors
-
Decreases solute transport
-
Increase oxidation of glucose in adipose tissues to produce ATP
-
Increase gycogenesis in mainly muscle
-
Decrease protein synthesis as a result of increased a.a transport
Questão 123
Questão
Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that is...
Responda
-
Insulin independent
-
Insulin dependent
-
Insulin acting
-
Insulin overloading
Questão 124
Questão
What hormones oppose insulin action?
Responda
-
Estrogen
-
Glucagon
-
Testosterone
-
Cortisol
-
Adrenaline
-
Progesterone
Questão 125
Questão
Glucagon is a....
Responda
-
Hyperglycemic hormone
-
Enhances the actions of insulin
-
Acts on liver cells to increase glucose production
-
Decrease glucose levels in circulation
Questão 126
Questão
What actions are characteristic of Glucagon?
Questão 127
Questão
What type of hormones are associated with the Adrenal Medulla?
Responda
-
Corticosteroids
-
Catecholamines
-
Growth Hormones
-
Steroid hormones
Questão 128
Questão
Within the Catecholamine synthesis pathway:
[blank_start]Phenylalanine[blank_end] is broken down by phenylalanine hydroxylase to make [blank_start]Tyrosine[blank_end] (the backbone for all amine hormones) is then broken down by Tyrosine hydroxylase (rate limiting enzyme) to produce [blank_start]dihydroxyphenylalanine[blank_end] (DOPA) which in turn in broken down to form Dopamine, then [blank_start]Norepinepherine[blank_end] which is lastly broken down by [blank_start]Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase[blank_end] (PNMT) to form [blank_start]Epinepherine[blank_end].
Questão 129
Questão
Andregenic receptors are sensitive to both E and NE although which one is more responsive to alpha and which to beta receptors?
Responda
-
alpha- E, beta- NE
-
alpha-NE, beta- E
Questão 130
Questão
Epinephrine has a more generalized bodily response when it comes to an emergency response than Norepinepherine.
Questão 131
Questão
Adrenalin is a hyperglycemic hormone because it...
Responda
-
Stimulates ACTH release
-
Stimulates insulin release
-
Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
-
Inhibits glucagon release
Questão 132
Questão
The Adrenal cortes produces:
[blank_start]Mineralocorticoids[blank_end] such as aldosterone in the zona [blank_start]glomerulosa[blank_end]
[blank_start]Glucocorticoids[blank_end] such as cortisol in the zona [blank_start]fasciculata[blank_end]
[blank_start]Gondaocorticoids[blank_end] such as androgens in the zona [blank_start]reticularis[blank_end]
The only thing that differentiates what is produced at each layer are the [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end] that occur in the different areas
Responda
-
Mineralocorticoids
-
glomerulosa
-
Glucocorticoids
-
fasciculata
-
Gondaocorticoids
-
reticularis
-
enzymes
-
lipids
-
components
Questão 133
Questão
Chromaffin is the tissue in the medulla that secretes Catecholamine hormones
Questão 134
Questão
The release and action of corticosteroids (steroid hormones) takes longer because...
Questão 135
Questão
In the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal-Adrenal axis:
The [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] produces [blank_start]corticotropin releasing hormone[blank_end] (CRH) that acts on the [blank_start]pituitary[blank_end] which releases [blank_start]ACTH[blank_end] which binds to the [blank_start]adrenal cortex[blank_end] through the melanocortin 2 receptor ([blank_start]MC2R[blank_end]) which finally produces [blank_start]corticosteroids[blank_end].
Questão 136
Questão
Glucocorticoids....
Responda
-
increase the avalability of glucose
-
inhibit the breakdown of proteins and fats for their conversion to carbohydrates for gluconeogenesis
-
inhibits the uptake of glucose from certain cells