Chesapeake Bay & Oceanography

Humans have only seen [blank_start]5[blank_end]% of the oceans!

Main Motivation for Sea Voyages was to find...

Early sea explorers contributed much in the creation of world [blank_start]maps[blank_end] and developing [blank_start]coordinate[blank_end] systems

In 18[blank_start]72[blank_end], the H.M.S. [blank_start]Challenger[blank_end] was the first expedition devoted entirely to the advancement of ocean science. Scientists onboard... •Measure ocean depths (called [blank_start]soundings[blank_end]) •Took [blank_start]water[blank_end] samples •Measure ocean [blank_start]currents[blank_end] •Recorded [blank_start]temperatures[blank_end]

The US Navy developed [blank_start]SONAR[blank_end] to track German U-Boats during [blank_start]WWII[blank_end]. It provided boats w/ a quick way to map the ocean [blank_start]floor[blank_end]. Before this, they used rope.

To explore the ocean, scientists use...

DSVs are controlled by [blank_start]humans[blank_end] inside AUVs are controlled by [blank_start]robots[blank_end] from a distance

[blank_start]Alvin[blank_end] is a [blank_start]DSV[blank_end] owned by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and operated by Dr. Bob Ballard. This submersible is very famous and has made from fascinating discoveries. It was used to discover the [blank_start]Titanic[blank_end] as well as deep sea trenches, hydrothermal [blank_start]vents[blank_end], and many other deep ocean features.

The largest feature on earth is Mid-Ocean [blank_start]Ridge[blank_end]

_________________ were the beginning of life

3 methods used by scientists to study the ocean floor: *Echo Sounding ([blank_start]SONAR[blank_end]) *[blank_start]Sediment[blank_end] Cores *[blank_start]Satellites[blank_end]

Submarine Canyons: Submarine canyons were formed by extensive [blank_start]erosion[blank_end] either from a river entering the continental shelf, [blank_start]earthquakes[blank_end], or turbidity currents (a large underwater [blank_start]avalanche[blank_end] of sediment).

Continental Shelf: extends from the [blank_start]continent[blank_end] to the continental slope; composed of sediments Passive Margins: [blank_start]no[blank_end] tectonics [ex) east coast] Continental Slope: water depth begins to [blank_start]in[blank_end]crease rapidly; steep drop off to the ocean bottom. Continental Rise: pile of [blank_start]sediment[blank_end] lying on the ocean crust at the base of the continental slope. Active Margins: [blank_start]yes[blank_end] tectonics [ex) japan]

[blank_start]Abyssal[blank_end] Plain: large flat area of the ocean covered in sediment. [blank_start]Trench[blank_end]: deep ravine feature located at convergent boundaries. Mid-Ocean [blank_start]Ridge[blank_end]: linear mountain range under the ocean with a rift valley in the middle; located a divergent boundaries [blank_start]Volcanic[blank_end] Island: when a seamount breaches the surface of the ocean [blank_start]Guyot[blank_end]: seamount has been flattened on top by current action [blank_start]Seamount[blank_end]: underwater mountain of volcanic origin

Atolls: 1st described by [blank_start]Darwin[blank_end]. A ring of [blank_start]coral[blank_end] reefs around a [blank_start]volcanic[blank_end] island. Once the volcano goes extinct, it begins to [blank_start]sink[blank_end]. Eventually, a circle of coral is left in the middle of the ocean with a lagoon in the middle.

The five major rivers that lead into the Chesapeake Bay are: *[blank_start]Susquehanna[blank_end] *[blank_start]Potomac[blank_end] *[blank_start]Rappahannock[blank_end] *[blank_start]York[blank_end] *[blank_start]James[blank_end]

There are more than [blank_start]100,000[blank_end] streams and tributaries are part of the watershed. We all live within a few miles of one.

Estuary: Body of water that is influenced by both [blank_start]salt[blank_end] and fresh water. The Bay is the largest estuary in N. America & the [blank_start]3[blank_end]rd largest in the world.

The bay supports approximately [blank_start]3600[blank_end] species of plants and animals. It provides nearly 600 million tons of seafood each year.

[blank_start]Plankton[blank_end]: [blank_start]small[blank_end] organisms, either plants, protists, or animals that [blank_start]drift[blank_end] with the ocean’s currents. Typically, they are found in the [blank_start]top[blank_end] portion of the ocean. Ex) Phytoplankton & Zooplankton [blank_start]Nekton[blank_end]: [blank_start]Free[blank_end] swimming organisms. Range in size from very small to very large. They live in all depths of the ocean. Ex) Turtles, Sharks, Whales, Fish [blank_start]Benthic[blank_end]: organisms that live on the ocean [blank_start]floor[blank_end]. They can be found at all depths Ex) Coral, Crabs, Lobsters, Shrimp, Oysters

LABEL FLOWCHART