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Questão 1
Questão
Which features of ionising radiation is incorrect?
Responda
-
X/gamma rays have energy to break bonds.
-
Damage to DNA bases.
-
Water is the main target for ionising radiation.
-
Water breaks into H and OH radical with OH and ionising radiation go on to break DNA strands.
Questão 2
Questão
What are all the effects of death of endothelial cells
Responda
-
Ulceration
-
Scarring
-
Atrophy (shrinkage) of surrounding tissue
-
Inflammation and chronic pain
Questão 3
Questão
Which is not a feature of UV radiation to damage of DNA?
Responda
-
Damage to DNA bases where adjacent C-T become linked.
-
The DNA strand will break.
-
Misrepair generates C to T point mutations leading to cancer development
-
More damage leads to death of keratinocytes (peeling sunburn)
Questão 4
Questão
The chemical factor to damage to DNA -Alkylation is:
Responda
-
Fungal product aflatoxin B1 accumulates in poorly stored food (in underdeveloped countries).
-
Metabolites react covalently (alkylate) with proteins to cause liver injury ; acutely at high doses.
-
Metabolites alkylate DNA hence G to T mutations = liver cancer= chronic and low doses.
-
Folic acid further damages the DNA.
-
The crystals puncture the membranes.
Questão 5
Questão
Which is a feature of biological dietary deficiency - DNA?
Responda
-
Autoimmune gastritis lack intrinsic factor prevents B12 absorption.
-
Proteins cause liver injury acutely
-
Inflammasomes generate severe inflammation.
-
Hydrogen peroxide will be detoxifed to catalase to oxygen and water.
Questão 6
Questão
Which is not a feature of chemical damage to lipids?
Responda
-
Cells take up crystals into lysosomes.
-
Crystals puncture lysosome membrane.
-
Damaged mitochondria cannot reduce oxygen completely.
-
Inflammasomes activated.
Questão 7
Questão
ROS and RNS are not free radicals?
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 8
Questão
Which is not an oxidative reaction in the chemical factor of damage to lipids?
Responda
-
Superoxide (O2-) - detoxed by superoxide dismutase
-
Hydrogen peroxide - detoxed by catalase
-
Oxygen therapy - exposure to premature babies
-
Hydroxyl radical - OH.
Questão 9
Questão
Which of these does not contribute to injury of cell via ROS?
Responda
-
Oxygen therapy
-
Inflammation
-
Megablastic anaemia
-
Damaged mitochondria
-
UV radiation
-
Radiotherapy
Questão 10
Questão
How does acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis occur?
Biological lipase factor
Responda
-
Proteolytic cleavage of ECM proteins
-
The p53 transcription factor
-
Damage to exocrine cells which synthesise digestive enzymes or block ducts that these enzymes travel to duodenum by
-
Prolonged heat exposure
Questão 11
Questão
Which is not a consequence of heat exposure in proteins?
Responda
-
High fever
-
Heat stroke
-
Malignant hyperthermia
-
Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis
Questão 12
Questão
Is the Maillard reaction the enzymatic addition of sugars to proteins?
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 13
Questão
Which of the following is not a result of the reaction occurring between reducing sugars and amino groups?
Responda
-
Reversible early stage Schiff bases
-
Irreversible rearrangements to Amadori products.
-
Further rearrangements to advanced glycation end products (AGE).
-
Nrf transcription factors.
Questão 14
Questão
How do AGE injure cells?
Responda
-
Inhibit protein function
-
Cross linking and precipitating proteins (blocking axon transport in neurons)
-
Generating ROS
-
Binding to receptors of AGE (RAGE) on vascular and inflammatory cells that reduce blood flow and cause inflammation.
-
The enzymatic addition of sugars to proteins.
Questão 15
Questão
Does AGE accumulate during ageing, diabetes, and chronic inflammation?
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 16
Questão
When and where does proteolytic cleavage occur during inflammation when proteins are damaged?
Biological factor
Responda
-
Collagen in arthritis
-
Elastin in emphysema
-
Laminin during cancer invasion
-
Blood vessel damage behind eye during retinopathy
Questão 17
Questão
Which factor does acute intracellular oedema (hydropic change) not affect the cells regulation of ion concentration in cytoplasm?
Responda
-
Plasma membranes permeable to Na+ hence K+ leaks out (Na+ in) hence cell swells.
-
ATP synthesis disrupted, Na+/K+ ATPase inhibited
-
Na+ pump damaged
-
Cell shrinks due to excess water loss
Questão 18
Questão
Does abnormalities in capacity of cells to recycle components result in the non-accumulation of products such as fat and glycogen?
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 19
Questão
When there are fatty changes in liver cell what does not happen when the triglycerides accumulate?
Responda
-
In normal liver cells they cannot metabolise increased fatty acids conc. coming from adipose tissue (diabetes)
-
In abnormal liver cells they have a decreased ability to oxidise fatty acids (alcohol damage)
-
In abnormal liver cells have decreased ability to export triglycerides compounded with lipid-acceptor proteins i.e. VLDL leading to malnutrition, kwashiorkor - not enough proteins and more fat.
-
In normal liver cells they cannot transport more of the fat from the tissue to urine and therefore leading to blockage.
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