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Wk 10- Introduction to Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry

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Wk 10- Introduction to Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry
Jessica Bulley
Quiz by Jessica Bulley, updated more than 1 year ago
Jessica Bulley
Created by Jessica Bulley over 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
What are the “building blocks” for protein macromolecules?
Answer
  • Amino acids
  • Polysaccharides

Question 2

Question
What are the “building blocks” for polysaccharides?
Answer
  • monosaccharides
  • glucose

Question 3

Question
What are the “building blocks” for nucleic acids?
Answer
  • nucleotides
  • glucose

Question 4

Question
A nucleotide consists of three things: - A nitrogenous base, which can be either adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine (in the case of RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil). - A five-carbon sugar, called deoxyribose because it is lacking an oxygen group on one of its carbons. - One or more phosphate groups.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 5

Question
What are the “building blocks” for lipid aggregates?
Answer
  • Fatty acids and glycerol
  • Fatty acids and omega 3

Question 6

Question
What macromolecule/s can be made up of branched chains?
Answer
  • Polysaccharides
  • Monosaccharides

Question 7

Question
How many standard amino acids are there?
Answer
  • 20
  • 6

Question 8

Question
How do the standard amino acids differ from one another?
Answer
  • Side (R) groups
  • Proteins

Question 9

Question
Amino acids can be classified according to their R group. Why might it be useful to use this classification? (Hint, might some amino acids with similar R groups have similar properties?)
Answer
  • R group differentiates amino group. L and D stereoisomers determine chiralty
  • R group differentiates lipid group. L and R stereoisomers determine chiralty

Question 10

Question
What does it mean if something is Chiral?
Answer
  • The property of having a 'left' and 'right' form of a molecule/compound. They cannot be superimposed on each other as they are not 'identical'
  • The property of having completely identical forms of a molecule/compound. They can be superimposed on each other as they are 'identical'

Question 11

Question
Enantiomers are chiral molecules that are mirror images of one another. Furthermore, the molecules are non-superimposable on one another. This means that the molecules cannot be placed on top of one another and give the same molecule. Chiral molecules with one or more stereocenters can be enantiomers.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 12

Question
What does the L and D in amino acids stand for?
Answer
  • The L in front of an amino acid is a shortened scientific notation for “levorotatory', the D means 'dextrorotatory'. The terms dextrorotatory and levorotatory refer to an optical property that can be observed and measured in a laboratory, by shining a beam of polarized light through a medium containing the substance.
  • The L in front of an amino acid is a shortened scientific notation for “levorous', the D means 'dextrous'. The terms dextrous and levorous refer to an optical property that can be observed and measured in a laboratory, by shining a beam of polarized light through a medium containing the substance.

Question 13

Question
Levorotatory is (of a compound) having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the left, i.e. anticlockwise facing the oncoming radiation.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 14

Question
Levorotatory is (of a compound) having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the right, i.e. anticlockwise facing the oncoming radiation.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 15

Question
Dextrorotatory (of a compound) is having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the right, i.e. clockwise facing the oncoming radiation.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 16

Question
What is a peptide bond?
Answer
  • less than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence
  • more than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence

Question 17

Question
Explain why amino acids are important.
Answer
  • Amino acids are a source of energy, they contribute about 10-15% of metabolic energy and are precursors to other important biomolecules
  • Although Amino acids are not a source of energy, they contribute about 5-10% of cattabolic energy and occasionally are precursors to other important biomolecules

Question 18

Question
Select Three examples of important Disaccharides.
Answer
  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
  • Maltose
  • Fructose

Question 19

Question
How is Diabetes mellitus diagnosed?
Answer
  • Blood glucose test
  • Glycosuria test

Question 20

Question
Select the Four major roles of Protein.
Answer
  • Plays a role in immunity, growth, regulation of genes and communication (hormones, cells)
  • Generates movement in cells and tissues (e.g. myosin in muscle) and structural support
  • Breaks down covalent bonds and transforms one chemical into another (e.g. enzymes)
  • Carries and stores small molecules or ions (e.g. haemoglobin carrying oxygen)
  • Prevents urine incontinence, hair growth and eye function

Question 21

Question
Give an example of important Monosaccharides
Answer
  • D-Glucose, D-Fructose, D-Ribose
  • D-Glucose, D-Fructose, D-Lactose

Question 22

Question
Select three (3) major functions of lipids.
Answer
  • Storage - fuels, insulation, protection, heat production
  • Structural - biological membranes
  • Specific biological actions - Biological messengers - intracellular and extracellular, Co-factors for enzymes, Electron carriers and effectors
  • Storage - ATP, Warmth, Oxytocin

Question 23

Question
Select Four examples of lipid aggregates.
Answer
  • micelles
  • liposomes
  • membranes
  • lipoproteins
  • lysosomes

Question 24

Question
Select four (4) of the major functions of carbohydrates in a cell
Answer
  • – structure
  • – nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
  • – cell to cell communication
  • - energy source
  • - makes up the cytoplasm

Question 25

Question
What is Beer ’s Law?
Answer
  • a more concentrated solution absorbs more light than a more dilute solution does.
  • a more diluted solution absorbs more light than a more concentrated solution does.

Question 26

Question
What is Lambert’s Law?
Answer
  • states that absorbance of a material sample is directly proportional to its thickness
  • states that absorbance of a material sample is irregardless of its thickness

Question 27

Question
What is the combined Lambert-Beer Law?
Answer
  • As the light passes through a solution, the intensity of light transmitted decrease, exponentially with increasing path length (lamberts law) and with increasing concentration of the absorbing substance (Beers law)
  • As the light passes through a solution, the intensity of light transmitted decrease, exponentially with increasing path length (lamberts law) and with decreasing concentration of the absorbing substance (Beers law)

Question 28

Question
Lipids may not be considered true macromolecules because of their structure. Briefly explain.
Answer
  • Because individual monomers (fatty acids) are not covalently bound to each other in a macromolecular structure
  • individual monomers (fatty acids) are not ionic compounds to each other in a macromolecular structure

Question 29

Question
Can two sugar molecules have different configurations despite having the same molecular formula?
Answer
  • Yes - because of stereoisomers
  • No - because there is no such thing

Question 30

Question
Is it more convenient to use Absorbance or Transmittance to determine the concentration of a substance?
Answer
  • Transmittance - The difference between the intensity of the incident light beam Io and the intensity of the light transmitted by the solution It
  • Absorbance - The difference between the intensity of the incident light beam Io and the intensity of the light transmitted by the solution It

Question 31

Question
What is the general structure of an amino acid
Answer
  • alpha (α) carbon, carboxyl group, amino group, ‘R’ group
  • alpha (α) hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group, ‘R’ group

Question 32

Question
Explain the term Diabetes mellitus
Answer
  • high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
  • low blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

Question 33

Question
Spectrophotometers can be used to measure the absorbance of light of a particular wavelength by a certain material. What is meant by the term absorbance?
Answer
  • The amount of light absorbed by the material used depending on thickness
  • The amount of light unabsorbed by the material used depending on thickness

Question 34

Question
Why is the selection of optimal analytical wavelength important for spectrophotometric measurement?
Answer
  • Because different compounds absorb light at different wavelengths, a spectrophotometer can be used to distinguish compounds by analyzing the pattern of wavelengths absorbed by a given sample.
  • Because some compounds do not absorb light at different wavelengths, therefore a spectrophotometer can not be used to distinguish compounds by analyzing the pattern of wavelengths absorbed by a given sample.

Question 35

Question
List two examples of terms that describe different secondary structures that can be found in proteins.
Answer
  • Final folded form of the protein.
  • α-helix, β-sheet and Turns

Question 36

Question
What is meant by the term 'Protein Primary Structure'
Answer
  • Linear sequence of amino acids.
  • Folds, Helices and Strands

Question 37

Question
What is meant by the term 'Protein Secondary Structure'
Answer
  • Secondary protein structure is the general 3-dimensional form of local segments of a protein. The most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.
  • This process happens in the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, ribosomes will interact with the transcript and create a protein (polypeptide) from individual amino acids.

Question 38

Question
What is meant by the term 'Protein Tertiary Structure'
Answer
  • The general 3-dimensional form of local segments of a protein. The most common structures are alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.
  • Tertiary structures involve packaging and folding the secondary structures into compact globular regions called protein domains.

Question 39

Question
What is meant by the term 'Protein Quaternary Structure'
Answer
  • Protein quaternary structure is the number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex.
  • Amino acids form structures such as alpha helices, beta sheets, and random coils, which in turn fold on themselves

Question 40

Question
A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two amino acids
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 41

Question
Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 42

Question
A codon is the sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotides on a DNA or RNA strand. It either codes for a specific amino acid in a polypeptide or terminates the polypeptide chain
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 43

Question
peptide = less than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence polypeptide or protein = more than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 44

Question
Protein Structure [blank_start]Primary structure[blank_end] Linear sequence of amino acids. [blank_start]Secondary structure[blank_end] Backbone of the polypeptide chain folds into regular geometric structures. • α-helix • β-sheet • Turns [blank_start]Tertiary structure[blank_end] Final folded form of the protein. The native form of the protein. [blank_start]Quaternary structure[blank_end] Association of two, or more, polypeptide tertiary structures. e.g.haemoglobin is comprised of two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains
Answer
  • Primary structure
  • Quaternary structure
  • Tertiary structure
  • Secondary structure

Question 45

Question
Lipids are composed of relatively simpler smaller molecules and they can form very large structures through non covalent associations
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 46

Question
Unsaturated lipids have a double bond
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 47

Question
When lipids are placed in an aqueous solvent, they cluster together forming microscopic lipid aggregates. In a lipid aggregate, the hydrophobic component of lipids are in contact with each other, while the polar head groups are in contact with the aqueous solvent.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 48

Question
Carbohydrate– ‘hydrate of carbon ’ Cn H2nOn (where n ≥3)
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 49

Question
Oligosaccharides: - 2 to 20 monosaccharides -polysaccharides - ≥20 monosaccharides
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 50

Question
Carbohydrate - structure • General name – according to number of carbons eg. trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses – according to type: aldose or ketose • Aldoses – aldehyde group in the structure • Ketoses – ketone group in the structure
Answer
  • True
  • False
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