Compendium 9 - How does it all work?

The Spinal cord extends from the [blank_start]foramen magnum[blank_end] to the first or second [blank_start]lumbar vertebrae[blank_end]

The spinal cord can be divided into Five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves

There are 29 pairs of spinal nerves

The top half of spinal cord consists of the Cervical and Thoracic nerves

The Conus medullaris is the lower, bulgey and spongey part of the spinal column

The Cauda Equina is a collection of nerve root posterior of the spinal cord, which are horsetail-like in appearance.

[blank_start]Dura mater (outer)[blank_end] • Subdural space • Serous fluid [blank_start]Arachnoid mater (middle)[blank_end] • Subarachnoid space • Cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels [blank_start]Pia mater (inner)[blank_end] • Has many small blood vessels

The Pia mater has many small blood vessels

The Dura mater has subdural space and serous fluid

The Pia mater has subdural space and serous fluid

Sensory neurons travel through the [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] roots

Motor (somatic and autonomic) neurons travel though the [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] roots

Spinal nerves contain sensory neurons and motor (somatic and autonomic) neurons

Endoneurium surrounds each axon and its associated Schwann cells.

The Endoneurium is a layer of delicate connective tissue that encloses the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber.

The Perineurium is the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle (fascicle) of nerve fibres within a nerve

The epineurium is the outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. It usually surrounds multiple nerve fascicles as well as blood vessels which supply the nerve. Smaller branches of these blood vessels penetrate into the perineurium.

What are the major parts of the brain?

The Midbrain, Pons and Medulla Oblongata make up the brain stem

Select Four functions of the Medulla Oblongata

The Pons serves as a message station between several areas of the brain. It helps relay messages from the cortex and the cerebellum. Without the pons, the brain would not be able to function because messages would not be able to be transmitted, or passed along. It also plays a key role in sleep and dreaming, where REM sleep, or the sleeping state where dreaming is most likely to occur, has been proven to originate here, in the pons.

The Pons connects upper and lower parts of the brain

Select Two functions of the Midbrain

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Which one of the following is true of the meninges?

The grey matter of the brain and spinal cord is composed of which structures?

The spinal cord has two enlargements. The most superior enlargement is known as the cervical enlargement. What part of the body do the nerves emerging from the cervical enlargement innervate?

Which one of the following is an action that is mediated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Which one of the following contains all endocrine glands?

Non-tropic hormones are hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce effects. This differs from the tropic hormones, which act on another endocrine gland. Non-tropic hormones are those that act directly on targeted tissues or cells, and not on other endocrine gland to stimulate release of other hormones.

A tropic hormone is one that acts on another endocrine gland, which then produces another hormone.

The anterior pituitary is the main gland that produces tropic hormones. Because the anterior pituitary produces hormones that influence other endocrine glands, we often call it the master gland

Not all cells respond to endocrine system stimulation. Only those that have the proper receptors on their cell membranes are activated by the [blank_start]chemical[blank_end] messengers. These responsive cells are called the [blank_start]target cells[blank_end] of the endocrine glands. Hormones promote homeostasis by altering activity of the body cells rather than by stimulating new or unusual activities.

Most hormones are steroid or amino acid based molecules

Endocrine glands are stimulated to release their hormones by nerve [blank_start]fibers[blank_end] (neural stimulus); by other hormones (hormonal [blank_start]stimulus[blank_end]), or by the presence of increased or decreased levels of various other substances in the blood ([blank_start]humoral[blank_end] stimulus).

Layer: [blank_start]Epineurium[blank_end] Surrounds: the whole nerve (binds fascicles together to form a nerve Layer: [blank_start]Perineurium[blank_end] Surrounds: groups ofaxons (nerve fascicle) Layer: [blank_start]Endoneurium[blank_end] Surrounds: each axon and its Schwann cell sheath

[blank_start]Dorsal[blank_end] root = sensory [blank_start]Ventral[blank_end] root = motor

[blank_start]Midbrain[blank_end]: Generates reflex movements of the head, eyes and body. Hearing. Maintains muscle tone. Relays motor impulses from cortex to pons and sensory information from the spinal cord to the thalamus [blank_start]Pons[blank_end]: Respiration and sleep control. Relays impulses from left to right cerebellar hemispheres and other parts of the brain to each other. [blank_start]Medulla[blank_end]: Autonomic reflex centre that maintains homeostasis e.g. cardiovascular and respiratory regulation. Relays motor and sensory between SC and other parts of brain.

Is the diencephalon white or grey matter?

Select four structures that make up the diencephalon.

What are the functions of the hypothalamus? 1. Coordination of autonomic reflexes, e.g. changes in blood pressure, digestive functions, filling / emptying of bladder and defecation 2. Controls sleep patterns, satiety and hunger 3. Regulation of emotions 4. Regulation of food and water intake 5. Influences hormone release from pituitary gland 6. Stimulates sexual development, arousal and behaviour 7. Regulates body temperature

What are the functions of the cerebellum? Control of balance, eye movements, posture, smooth locomotion, proprioceptive information from muscles and joints (informs brain about stretch and tension of muscles and positions of joints) and planning movements

[blank_start]White[blank_end] matter = myelinated axons [blank_start]Grey[blank_end] matter = cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and neuroglial cells.

[blank_start]Parietal[blank_end] : Receive and evaluate somatic sensory information [blank_start]Frontal[blank_end] : Voluntary motor commands, motivation, aggression, smell, decision making, mood, personality [blank_start]Occipital[blank_end] : Vision [blank_start]Temporal[blank_end] : Hearing and memory