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Master Neuroscience (From Membrane to Brain [Lecture]) Quiz on Development, created by Lukas Paulun on 27/12/2018.
Lukas Paulun
Quiz by Lukas Paulun, updated more than 1 year ago
Lukas Paulun
Created by Lukas Paulun almost 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
The three germ layers
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm

Question 2

Question
The neural [blank_start]plate[blank_end] buckles at its midline to form the neural [blank_start]groove[blank_end] which folds and forms the neural [blank_start]tube[blank_end].
Answer
  • plate
  • groove
  • tube

Question 3

Question
Folding of the neural plate. Name the two hinge points
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • medial hinge point
  • dorsolateral hinge point

Question 4

Question
The neural tube lies over the [blank_start]notochord[blank_end].
Answer
  • notochord

Question 5

Question
Drag and drop
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • Proencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Rhombencephalon
  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon (five-vesicle stage)
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon

Question 6

Question
Secondary neurolation refers to the development of [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] parts. Tubes from both primary and secondary neurulation [blank_start]eventually connect[blank_end].
Answer
  • posterior
  • anterior
  • eventually connect
  • remain separated

Question 7

Question
BMP: [blank_start]Bone morphogenetic proteins[blank_end] FGF: [blank_start]Fibroplast growth factors[blank_end]
Answer
  • Bone morphogenetic proteins
  • Fibroplast growth factors

Question 8

Question
BMP4 signal induces [blank_start]epidermal[blank_end] differentiation. [blank_start]Inhibition[blank_end] of BMP is necessary to allow neural development. These processes are combined with signalling from [blank_start]FGF[blank_end].
Answer
  • epidermal
  • neural
  • Inhibition
  • Expression
  • FGF
  • G-proteins

Question 9

Question
Sonic hedgehog is secreted by the [blank_start]notochord[blank_end] and the [blank_start]floor[blank_end] plate.
Answer
  • notochord
  • ectoderm
  • floor
  • roof

Question 10

Question
Signals from the notochord induce the [blank_start]floor plate[blank_end] which induces [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] neurons. Signals from ectoderm induce the [blank_start]roof plate[blank_end] which induces [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] neurons.
Answer
  • floor plate
  • roof plate
  • ventral
  • dorsal
  • rostral
  • caudal

Question 11

Question
Differences in the concentration of sonic hedgehog (a single protein) can determine the fate of multiple neuronal classes in the [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] part of the neural tube. In a first step a ventral-to-dorsal Shh gradient [blank_start]activates and represses[blank_end] different transcription factors. These [blank_start]repress[blank_end] each other's expression to confer cell identity to progenitor cells unambiguously. Five cardinal progenitor domains are established: Four types of [blank_start]interneurons[blank_end] (V0 - V3) and [blank_start]motor neurons[blank_end].
Answer
  • ventral
  • dorsal
  • caudal
  • rostral
  • activates and represses
  • activates
  • represses
  • repress
  • enhance
  • interneurons
  • sensory neurons
  • motor neurons
  • sensory neurons

Question 12

Question
The dorsal neural tube is patterned by [blank_start]BMP[blank_end] and dorsalin.
Answer
  • BMP
  • FGF
  • Shh

Question 13

Question
Inhibition of [blank_start]Wnt[blank_end] activity is required for the formation of rostral CNS structure, such as the forebrain. This is done via [blank_start]frzb[blank_end].
Answer
  • Wnt
  • frzb

Question 14

Question
Which transcription factors are expressed at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary? Top of the picture is anterior (rostral).
Image:
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Answer
  • Otx2
  • Gbx2

Question 15

Question
Inductive influences
Image:
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Answer
  • BMP
  • Wnt
  • Shh
  • FGF8
  • FGF4

Question 16

Question
Overexpression of Gbx2 shifts the midbrain-hindbrain boundary [blank_start]anteriorly[blank_end].
Answer
  • anteriorly
  • posteriorly

Question 17

Question
Cells form the zona limitans intrathalamica secrete [blank_start]Shh[blank_end] which gives rise to the nuclei of the thalamus.
Answer
  • Shh
  • BMP
  • Wnt
  • FGF

Question 18

Question
The functional and morphological segments of the hindbrain are called [blank_start]rhombomeres[blank_end]. There are [blank_start]eight[blank_end] of them (write digit).
Answer
  • rhombomeres
  • 8

Question 19

Question
The major class of genes that specifies motor neuron subtypes in the hindbrain is the [blank_start]Hox[blank_end] gene family. Their transcription is incuded or repressed by a gradient of [blank_start]retinoic[blank_end] acid.
Answer
  • Hox
  • retinoic

Question 20

Question
[blank_start]Neural progenitors[blank_end] can divide symmetrically to two differentiated cells or two more progenitor cells. Or they can divide asymmetrically to one differentiated cell and one progenitor cell.
Answer
  • Neural progenitors
  • Stem cells
  • Neurons
  • Glia cells

Question 21

Question
Delta: [blank_start]Ligand[blank_end] Notch: [blank_start]Receptor[blank_end]
Answer
  • Ligand
  • Receptor

Question 22

Question
Neurogenesis is the process by which a multitude of [blank_start]postmitotic[blank_end] neurons are generated from [blank_start]relatitvely few[blank_end] neural stem cells / progenitors in the neural [blank_start]epithelium[blank_end]. Neural stem cells are self-renewing and [blank_start]multipotent[blank_end].
Answer
  • postmitotic
  • premitotic
  • relatitvely few
  • a large number of
  • epithelium
  • ectoderm
  • endoderm
  • multipotent
  • unipotent

Question 23

Question
Neurogenesis needs to balance the [blank_start]proliferation[blank_end] of more stem cells and the commitment to [blank_start]differentiation[blank_end] into neurons or glia cells.
Answer
  • proliferation
  • differentiation

Question 24

Question
Neuroblast ---[blank_start]asymmetric[blank_end]---> [blank_start]One neuroblast[blank_end] and [blank_start]one Ganglion Mother Cell[blank_end] ---[blank_start]symmetric[blank_end]---> [blank_start]Two neurons/glia cells or one each[blank_end]
Answer
  • asymmetric
  • symmetric
  • One neuroblast
  • Two neuroblasts
  • one Ganglion Mother Cell
  • two Ganglion Mother Cells
  • No neuroblast
  • Two neurons/glia cells or one each
  • Two neurons
  • One neuron and one glia cell
  • One neuron and one GMC
  • asymmetric or symmetric

Question 25

Question
Proneural genes give each cell in a group (proneural [blank_start]cluster[blank_end]) [blank_start]the same[blank_end] competence to become a proneuroblast. [blank_start]Lateral[blank_end] inhibition by delta-notch and a [blank_start]basic helix-loop-helix[blank_end] transcriptional cascade: More Delta in one cell [blank_start]enhances[blank_end] transcription of suppressor of hairless. Suppressor of hairless [blank_start]increases[blank_end] transcription of enhancer of split. Enhancer of split [blank_start]represses[blank_end] achaete-scute. Achaete-scute would increases expression of Delta but now does not. Therefore no Notch signalling in the original cell.
Answer
  • cluster
  • group
  • array
  • the same
  • a different
  • Lateral
  • Forward
  • basic helix-loop-helix
  • basic loop-helix-loop
  • enhances
  • reduces
  • increases
  • decreases
  • represses
  • enhances

Question 26

Question
Proneural genes...
Answer
  • control the cell cycle exit.
  • control neuronal differentiation.
  • contribute to specification of different neuronal subtypes.
  • suppress alternate glia fates.

Question 27

Question
In [blank_start]insects[blank_end], the neurogenic pathway specifies neuroblasts, in [blank_start]vertebrates[blank_end] neurons are directly specified
Answer
  • insects
  • vertebrates

Question 28

Question
Neuron production in the neural tube is related to changes in division pattern over time: symmetric versus asymmetric divisions.
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • Symmetric proliferation
  • Asymmetric generation
  • Symmetric generation

Question 29

Question
In the neural tube: [blank_start]Apical[blank_end] stem cells at the [blank_start]ventricle[blank_end] [blank_start]proliferate[blank_end]. [blank_start]Basal[blank_end] cells at the [blank_start]pia[blank_end] [blank_start]differentiate[blank_end].
Answer
  • Apical
  • Basal
  • proliferate
  • differentiate
  • ventricle
  • pia

Question 30

Question
One important mechanism in the asymmetric divison of neuroblasts is the distribution of the protein [blank_start]numb[blank_end] which suppresses Notch signalling. After cell division only the [blank_start]GMC[blank_end] (GMC or neuroblast) will contain [blank_start]numb[blank_end].
Answer
  • numb
  • GMC
  • numb

Question 31

Question
Neurogenesis: 1) [blank_start]Subventricular zone[blank_end] of the striatum. The neuroblasts migrate to the [blank_start]olfactory bulb[blank_end] via the [blank_start]rostral migratory stream[blank_end]. 2) [blank_start]Dentate gyrus[blank_end] of the hippocampus. Controversial in adult humans.
Answer
  • Subventricular zone
  • olfactory bulb
  • rostral migratory stream
  • Dentate gyrus

Question 32

Question
In the subventricular zone [blank_start]stem cell niche cells[blank_end] regulate whether stem cells proliferate or divide [blank_start]asymmetrically[blank_end] (with one differentiating daughter cell) . This mechanism is regulated by [blank_start]signals from the blood vessels[blank_end].
Answer
  • stem cell niche cells
  • transcription factors
  • basic helix-loop-helix cascades
  • asymmetrically
  • symmetrically
  • signals from the blood vessels
  • transcription factors
  • basic helix-loop-helix cascades

Question 33

Question
Characteristics that have to be specified during cell development
Answer
  • Morphology of soma, dendrites, axon
  • Neurotransmitter phenotype
  • Receptor phenotype
  • Axonal projection phenotype
  • Electrical phenotype

Question 34

Question
Regional complexity of different neurons is achieved by
Answer
  • local patterning.
  • local patterning followed by radial and tangential migration of precursors.
  • radial and tangential migration routes.
  • local patterning followed by radial migration of precursors.

Question 35

Question
The growth cone is
Answer
  • a sensory structure that receives directional cues from its environment.
  • a motor structure whose activity drives axon elongation.

Question 36

Question
The three main domains of the growth cone
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • Lamellipodia
  • Filopodia
  • Central core

Question 37

Question
Filopodia
Answer
  • are highly motile.
  • can only sense the environment close to the growth cone.
  • contain actin filaments.

Question 38

Question
Filopodia sense long-range cues [blank_start]chemically[blank_end] and short-range cues [blank_start]through contact[blank_end].
Answer
  • chemically
  • through contact

Question 39

Question
The reaction of filopodia to intracellular regulatory proteins (attraction or repulsion)
Answer
  • Attraction/repulsion can be different for one regulatory protein depending on the receptor type in the filopodia.
  • Attraction/repulsion can be different for one regulatory protein whether the filopodia are located on axons and on dendrites.
  • Attraction/repulsion is always the same for one type of regulatory protein.
  • Different regulatory proteins are responsible for the growth of axons and dendrites.

Question 40

Question
A good example for intracellular regulatory proteins that guide the growth of axons and can be both attracting and repelling are [blank_start]Netrins[blank_end]. They occur in particular at the [blank_start]floor plate[blank_end] of the neural tube and filopodia can have different receptors for them.
Answer
  • floor plate
  • roof plate
  • Netrins
  • Semaphorins
  • Ephrins
  • Cadherins

Question 41

Question
Retinal ganglion axons from the posterior (temporal) hemiretina project into the [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] developing tectum. Conversely, axons from the anterior (nasal) hemiretina project into the [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] tectum. Axons from explants of posterior retina row [blank_start]only on fragments[blank_end] [blank_start]from anterior tectal membrane[blank_end] while axons from anterior retina grow [blank_start]on both[blank_end] [blank_start]anterior and posterior tectal membrane[blank_end].
Answer
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • only on fragments
  • from anterior tectal membrane
  • from posterior tectal membrane
  • anterior and posterior tectal membrane
  • on both

Question 42

Question
Gradients of [blank_start]Eph[blank_end] receptors and [blank_start]Ephrin[blank_end] ligands are responsible for the retinotopic organization of the tectum. Their cues are [blank_start]inhibitory / repelling[blank_end].
Answer
  • Eph
  • Ephrin
  • Netrin
  • Net
  • Ephrin
  • Eph
  • Netrin
  • Net
  • inhibitory / repelling
  • excitatory / attracting

Question 43

Question
Every vertebrate brain has the same regions and only the nuclei are different.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 44

Question
The CNS forms from cells located on the dorsal side of the [blank_start]animal[blank_end] cap of the [blank_start]gastrula[blank_end] embryo.
Answer
  • animal
  • gastrula

Question 45

Question
Three BMP inhibitors (alphabetic): [blank_start]Chordin[blank_end] [blank_start]Follistatin[blank_end] [blank_start]Noggin[blank_end]
Answer
  • Noggin
  • Follistatin
  • Chordin

Question 46

Question
For neural induction a combination of [blank_start]BMP[blank_end] and [blank_start]FGF[blank_end] signalling is needed. The inhibition of [blank_start]BMP[blank_end] leads to a loss of inhibition of [blank_start]Zic1[blank_end] expression and [blank_start]FGF[blank_end] signalling induces [blank_start]Zic3[blank_end] expression. Zic1 and Zic3 are transcription factors.
Answer
  • Zic1
  • Zic3
  • BMP
  • FGF
  • BMP
  • FGF

Question 47

Question
In secondary neurolation the [blank_start]medullary[blank_end] cord condenses and later forms cavities. These cavities merge to a single tube.
Answer
  • medullary

Question 48

Question
In normal development [blank_start]N-cadherin[blank_end] is seen in the neural plate while [blank_start]E-cadherin[blank_end] is seen on the epidermis.
Answer
  • N-cadherin
  • E-cadherin

Question 49

Question
Failure of the closure of the neural tube can lead to [blank_start]anencephaly[blank_end] or [blank_start]spina bifida[blank_end] (alphabetic).
Answer
  • anencephaly
  • spina bifida

Question 50

Question
Sensory neurons are formed from [blank_start]neural crest[blank_end] cells.
Answer
  • neural crest

Question 51

Question
The Shh pathway: Shh [blank_start]inhibits[blank_end] [blank_start]patched[blank_end] protein which [blank_start]inhibits[blank_end] [blank_start]smoothened[blank_end] protein which [blank_start]induces[blank_end] Gli/Ci [blank_start]activators[blank_end]. With Shh there are Gli/Ci [blank_start]activators[blank_end] and without Shh there are Gli/Ci [blank_start]repressors[blank_end].
Answer
  • inhibits
  • induces
  • patched
  • smoothened
  • inhibits
  • induces
  • smoothened
  • patched
  • induces
  • inhibits
  • activators
  • repressors
  • activators
  • repressors
  • repressors
  • activators

Question 52

Question
The [blank_start]archenteron[blank_end] roof is responsible for [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] patterns. If it is transplanted to different locations of the early gastrula [blank_start]two heads emerge[blank_end].
Answer
  • archenteron
  • blastocoel
  • blastopore lip
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • two heads emerge
  • more motor neurons emerge
  • two tails emerge

Question 53

Question
One receptor for Wnt is [blank_start]frizzled[blank_end]. Wnt is inhibited by [blank_start]frzb[blank_end].
Answer
  • frizzled
  • frzb

Question 54

Question
The forebrain is patterned by [blank_start]absence[blank_end] of Wnt activity. [blank_start]Increasing[blank_end] Wnt concentration specifies more caudal CNS domains.
Answer
  • absence
  • existence
  • Increasing
  • Decreasing

Question 55

Question
Rotation of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary induces an additional [blank_start]organizer[blank_end] and the development of duplicate [blank_start]mdibrain[blank_end] structures.
Answer
  • organizer
  • midbrain

Question 56

Question
The midbrain-hindbrain boundary
Answer
  • patterns the midbrain
  • patterns the anterior hindbrain
  • patterns the anterior forebrain
  • controls neuronal differentiation
  • controls proliferation
  • controls morphogenesis
  • establishes polarity in the tectum
  • establishes polarity in the tegmentum
  • helps with axon guidance of the retinotectal projection

Question 57

Question
Retinoic acid is responsible for the expression of [blank_start]Hox[blank_end] genes and [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] patterning. Its concentration increases from [blank_start]anterior to posterior[blank_end].
Answer
  • Hox
  • Cre
  • Otx
  • Gbx
  • posterior
  • anterior
  • dorsal
  • ventral
  • anterior to posterior
  • posterior to anterior

Question 58

Question
A lack of Notch activity would lead to [blank_start]more[blank_end] neurons.
Answer
  • more
  • less

Question 59

Question
Stem cells proliferate at the [blank_start]ventricle[blank_end], differentiate a bit more basal and eventually migrate to the [blank_start]marginal[blank_end] layer.
Answer
  • marginal
  • ventricle

Question 60

Question
Stem cells are proliferating [blank_start]very slowly[blank_end] while progenitors proliferate [blank_start]much faster[blank_end].
Answer
  • very slowly
  • very fast
  • much faster
  • much slower

Question 61

Question
[blank_start]Microtubules[blank_end] act as transport pathways for cargo to the central core of the growth cone.
Answer
  • Microtubules

Question 62

Question
Three regional organizes (from anterior to posterior): [blank_start]Anterior neural border[blank_end] (ANB) [blank_start]Zonal imitans intrathalamica[blank_end] (ZLI) [blank_start]Midbrain-hindbrain boundary[blank_end] (MHB)
Answer
  • Anterior neural border
  • Zona limitans intrathalamica
  • Midbrain-hindbrain boundary

Question 63

Question
Neuroblasts and [blank_start]Ganglion Mother Cells[blank_end] are only existent in insects. In vertebrates the precursors of neurons and glia cells are called [blank_start]Radial Glial Cells[blank_end].
Answer
  • Ganglion Mother Cells
  • Radial Glial Cells
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