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Introductory Nutrition - Unit 4 - Chapter 7 & Chapter 8 (Metabolism)

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1 Nutrition Quiz on Introductory Nutrition - Unit 4 - Chapter 7 & Chapter 8 (Metabolism), created by Mara Roth on 02/02/2021.
Mara Roth
Quiz by Mara Roth, updated more than 1 year ago
Mara Roth
Created by Mara Roth almost 4 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
All the chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules is ________.
Answer
  • anabolism
  • catabolism
  • metabolism
  • photosynthesis

Question 2

Question
A special instrument to determine how much energy a food contains is called a ________.
Answer
  • densitometer
  • barometer
  • kilometer
  • calorimeter

Question 3

Question
The process of making larger molecules from smaller ones is called ________.
Answer
  • anabolism
  • catabolism
  • metabolism
  • photosynthesis

Question 4

Question
The process of breaking down large, complex molecules is ________.
Answer
  • anabolism
  • catabolism
  • metabolism
  • photosynthesis

Question 5

Question
The primary metabolic by-product of alcohol oxidation is ________.
Answer
  • pyruvate
  • glycogen
  • glucose
  • acetyl CoA

Question 6

Question
A catabolic process by which a larger molecule is broken down by the addition of water is ________.
Answer
  • condensation
  • oxidation
  • hydrolysis
  • metabolism

Question 7

Question
Glycolysis is a biochemical pathway ________.
Answer
  • that breaks down fats
  • that generates energy
  • that occurs in the nucleus
  • for synthesizing amino acids to form proteins

Question 8

Question
Glycolysis begins with ________ and ends with ________.
Answer
  • amino acids; hormones
  • pyruvate; glucose
  • glucose; pyruvic acid
  • glucose; glycogen

Question 9

Question
________ mediate metabolic reactions
Answer
  • Enzymes
  • Hormones
  • Fats
  • Carbohydrates

Question 10

Question
In the absence of ________ pyruvate is converted to ________.
Answer
  • energy; fatty acids
  • glucose; acetyl CoA
  • oxygen; lactic acid
  • glycogen; glucose

Question 11

Question
During metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The carbon dioxide is produced in ________.
Answer
  • the red blood cells
  • the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
  • the electron transport chain
  • glycolysis

Question 12

Question
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) occurs in the ________ of the cell.
Answer
  • membrane
  • adipose tissue
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus

Question 13

Question
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) reactions begin with ________.
Answer
  • pyruvate
  • glycogen
  • glucose
  • acetyl CoA

Question 14

Question
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) activity decreases when ________ availability is limited.
Answer
  • oxygen
  • oxaloacetate
  • fatty acid
  • urea

Question 15

Question
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA ________.
Answer
  • occurs in the cytosol
  • requires CO2
  • is irreversible
  • is an anaerobic reaction

Question 16

Question
An acetyl CoA molecule can be converted to ________.
Answer
  • glucose
  • glycogen
  • fatty acids
  • lactic acid

Question 17

Question
The synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the ________ of the cell.
Answer
  • membrane
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • cytosol

Question 18

Question
The breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the ________ of the cell.
Answer
  • membrane
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • cytosol

Question 19

Question
________ shuttles fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria.
Answer
  • ATP
  • Carnitine
  • Pyruvate
  • Acetyl CoA

Question 20

Question
Fatty acids have relatively few oxygen atoms compared with ________, which results in a greater ATP production.
Answer
  • oxaloacetate
  • glucose
  • mitochondria
  • cytosol

Question 21

Question
The unique "side group" that remains after the amine group has been removed from a protein includes ________.
Answer
  • ammonia
  • a carbon skeleton
  • acetyl CoA
  • glucose

Question 22

Question
A highly toxic compound released during the deamination of amino acids is ________.
Answer
  • ketone
  • keto acid
  • ammonia
  • urea

Question 23

Question
The carbon skeleton of an amino acid can be converted to ________ to produce energy.
Answer
  • glucose
  • acetyl CoA
  • glycerol
  • glycogen

Question 24

Question
Excess dietary protein is converted to ________.
Answer
  • muscle
  • glycogen
  • triglycerides
  • glucose

Question 25

Question
After prolonged fasting, the brain adapts to using ________ to meet some of its fuel needs.
Answer
  • glycerol
  • ketones
  • fatty acids
  • amino acids

Question 26

Question
Which alcohol metabolic pathway is utilized with high alcohol consumption?
Answer
  • alcohol dehydrogenase
  • aldehyde dehydrogenase
  • ADH
  • MEOS

Question 27

Question
Which micronutrients are classified as water- or fat-soluble?
Answer
  • trace minerals
  • major minerals
  • vitamins
  • all vitamins and minerals

Question 28

Question
Fat-soluble vitamins ________.
Answer
  • are not stored in the body
  • can become toxic with overconsumption
  • are not found in foods
  • are macronutrients

Question 29

Question
An inorganic micronutrient that is required in the amount of 200mg per day is a ________.
Answer
  • fat-soluble vitamin
  • major mineral
  • trace mineral
  • major vitamin

Question 30

Question
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed ________.
Answer
  • through the stomach lining
  • into the blood
  • poorly, so they must be consumed daily
  • into the lymph

Question 31

Question
Which of the following statements is correct?
Answer
  • We absorb 100% of heme iron.
  • We absorb about 3-5% of heme iron.
  • We absorb about 25% of heme iron.
  • Non-heme iron is the only type that is absorbed.

Question 32

Question
Which of the following statements about the absorption of minerals is FALSE?
Answer
  • Lactose increases the absorption of calcium.
  • Vitamin C increases the absorption of non-heme iron.
  • Dietary fat increases the absorption of vitamin A.
  • Oxalic acid increases the absorption of iron.

Question 33

Question
Research has suggested a link between adequate intakes of vitamin K and the prevention of ________.
Answer
  • osteoporosis
  • diabetes
  • heart disease
  • obesity

Question 34

Question
Research has suggested a link between adequate intakes of vitamin C and the prevention of ________.
Answer
  • the measles
  • cataracts
  • diabetes
  • beriberi

Question 35

Question
Which of these statements is FALSE?
Answer
  • Calcium may protect against hypertension.
  • Magnesium may protect against sarcopenia.
  • Vitamin E may protect against obesity.
  • Vitamin D may protect against colon cancer.

Question 36

Question
Which statement is TRUE?
Answer
  • Taking supplements is the best way to assure adequate vitamin and mineral intakes.
  • Whole foods are more healthful than their individual nutrients.
  • All adults need the same amount of micronutrients.
  • Each micronutrient has only one role in the body.

Question 37

Question
This protein accelerates the rate of chemical reactions but is not used up or changed during these reactions and is called a(n) ________.
Answer
  • folate
  • enzyme
  • hormone
  • nucleic acid

Question 38

Question
A(n) ________ is activated when it is combined with a coenzyme.
Answer
  • cell membrane
  • ATP
  • hormone
  • enzyme

Question 39

Question
The primary role of the B-vitamins is to ________.
Answer
  • provide energy
  • regulate blood glucose
  • act as coenzymes
  • reduce cholesterol

Question 40

Question
Some B-vitamins when taken in excess can be ________.
Answer
  • cleared by the kidney
  • toxic to the body
  • stored in the adipose tissue
  • excreted in the feces

Question 41

Question
Thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin work together in biochemical pathways that ________.
Answer
  • synthesize body tissues and lean body mass
  • promote proper nutrient digestion and absorption
  • release energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein
  • control fluid equilibrium and mineral balance

Question 42

Question
One of the first B-vitamin discovered was ________.
Answer
  • thiamin
  • niacin
  • pyridoxine
  • cobalamin

Question 43

Question
A deficiency of thiamin that affects the cardiovascular, muscular, nervous, and gastrointestinal system is called ________.
Answer
  • pellagra
  • scurvy
  • rickets
  • beriberi

Question 44

Question
People with the greatest risk of thiamin and riboflavin deficiency are ________.
Answer
  • infants
  • adolescents
  • the elderly
  • pregnant women

Question 45

Question
The average American adult consumes ________ amounts of thiamin in their diets.
Answer
  • toxic
  • adequate
  • deficient
  • negligible

Question 46

Question
Riboflavin is destroyed when exposed to ________.
Answer
  • light
  • heat
  • moisture
  • air

Question 47

Question
Pellagra is a disease ________.
Answer
  • that results from severe niacin deficiency
  • caused by thiamin deficiency
  • caused by riboflavin deficiency
  • characterized by low levels of thyroid hormone

Question 48

Question
________ is critical for amino acid metabolism.
Answer
  • Riboflavin
  • Niacin
  • B6
  • B12

Question 49

Question
________ is a coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes.
Answer
  • Thiamin
  • Niacin
  • B6
  • B12

Question 50

Question
Flushing of the face and skin can result from excess ________ supplementation.
Answer
  • thiamin
  • niacin
  • B6
  • riboflavin

Question 51

Question
B6 is important for the metabolism of ________.
Answer
  • cholesterol
  • folate
  • homocysteine
  • energy

Question 52

Question
An essential component of coenzyme A (CoA) is ________.
Answer
  • biotin
  • choline
  • pantothenic acid
  • iodine

Question 53

Question
A protein in raw egg whites can bind to ________ and prevent its absorption.
Answer
  • biotin
  • choline
  • pantothenic acid
  • iodine

Question 54

Question
A neurotransmitter that is involved in muscle movement and memory storage is ________.
Answer
  • homocysteine
  • biotin
  • pyridoxine
  • acetylcholine

Question 55

Question
Although widely distributed in food, inadequate intake of ________ can lead to increased fat accumulation in the liver.
Answer
  • biotin
  • choline
  • pantothenic acid
  • pyridoxine

Question 56

Question
This B-vitamin is a component of carboxylase enzymes, which serve as carbon dioxide carriers.
Answer
  • biotin
  • choline
  • pantothenic acid
  • pyridoxine

Question 57

Question
A nutrient-dense source of thiamin is ________.
Answer
  • pork
  • white flour
  • vegetables
  • fats

Question 58

Question
To protect ________ from destruction by sunlight, milk and milk products are packaged in paper and opaque plastic cartons.
Answer
  • thiamin
  • riboflavin
  • niacin
  • iodine

Question 59

Question
A component of thyroid hormones, ________ is added to salt to combat deficiency in the United States.
Answer
  • thiamin
  • riboflavin
  • niacin
  • iodine

Question 60

Question
The UL for ________ was determined by measuring elevated blood concentration and neurotoxicity levels.
Answer
  • iodine
  • manganese
  • chromium
  • sulfur

Question 61

Question
Which of the following statements about vitamin B12 is TRUE?
Answer
  • It is required for carbohydrate metabolism.
  • Whole grains are a good source of this nutrient.
  • It is part of an antioxidant enzyme system.
  • It is essential for the functioning of the nervous system.

Question 62

Question
When cells engage in catabolism, chemical energy is released.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 63

Question
Glycolysis yields a net of four ATP that can be used as energy for the cell.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 64

Question
Liver synthesis of urea increases as dietary protein intake increases.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 65

Question
The conversion of dietary carbohydrate to body fat is less efficient than the conversion of dietary fat to body fat.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 66

Question
During prolonged starvation, serum levels of free fatty acids increase sharply.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 67

Question
Adenosine monophosphate ________.
Answer
  • can be regenerated by adding two phosphate groups to ATP
  • is produced when one phosphate group is released from ATP
  • has one high-energy phosphate bond
  • is composed of one molecule of adenosine bonded to one phosphate group

Question 68

Question
In which of the following types of chemical reactions is a compound catabolized by the addition of a molecule of water?
Answer
  • hydrolysis
  • dehydration synthesis
  • oxidation
  • phosphorylation

Question 69

Question
In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate produced through glycolysis is converted to ________.
Answer
  • lactate
  • acetyl CoA
  • oxaloacetate
  • NADH

Question 70

Question
Excessive ketones are produced when ________.
Answer
  • people follow a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet
  • acetyl CoA is converted to glucose
  • oxaloacetate availability falls and TCA cycle activity decreases
  • All of the above can prompt the production of excessive ketones.

Question 71

Question
Amino acids are unique from other energy-yielding compounds in that ________.
Answer
  • they cannot be converted to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
  • they contain nitrogen, which must be removed before the remaining compound can be used for energy
  • they contain ammonia, which the kidneys convert to urea and excrete from the body in urine
  • even when consumed to excess, they will not increase the synthesis of fatty acids

Question 72

Question
Of the approximately 160,000 kcal reserves in the body of a well-nourished 70-kg male, ________.
Answer
  • triglycerides account for about 50%, and glycogen and protein each about 25%
  • about 85% is from triglycerides, and most of the remaining 15% is from protein
  • triglycerides, glycogen, and protein each account for about 33%
  • about 75% is from triglycerides, and most of the remaining 25% is from glycogen

Question 73

Question
Most lipogenesis ________.
Answer
  • occurs when individuals consume an excess of glucogenic amino acids
  • occurs when acetyl CoA is converted into glycerol, which is in turn attached to fatty acid chains
  • occurs in liver cells
  • occurs in adipose cells

Question 74

Question
Glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol are ________
Answer
  • coenzymes
  • cofactors
  • anabolic hormones
  • catabolic hormones

Question 75

Question
During short-term fasts, the body uses ________
Answer
  • muscle and liver glycogen for glucose for red blood cells, brain cells, and other body cells
  • glucogenic amino acids to synthesize glucose
  • glycerol from adipose tissue to synthesize ketone bodies
  • amino acids from the breakdown of body proteins for gluconeogenesis
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