Cardiovascular System

The heart lies within the [blank_start]pericardial[blank_end] sac, surrounded by [blank_start]pericardial[blank_end] fluid.

The [blank_start]mitral[blank_end] valve is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle. The [blank_start]aortic[blank_end] valve is found between the left ventricle and the aorta. The [blank_start]pulmonary[blank_end] valve is found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. The [blank_start]tricuspid[blank_end] valve is found between the vena cava and the right ventricle.

Atrioventricular valves differ from semilunar valves by the presence of what? (may choose more than one)

Label the major structures through which you (a RBC) would pass until entering the aorta

Choose five characteristics of cardiac muscle cells

The [blank_start]right[blank_end] heart receives blood from the [blank_start]systemic[blank_end] circuit and pumps it to the pulmonary circuit. The [blank_start]left[blank_end] heart receives blood from the [blank_start]pulmonary[blank_end] circuit and pups it to the systemic circuit.

Fill of the ventricles of the heart occurs during [blank_start]diastole[blank_end], or the relaxed phase.

Contraction of the ventricular muscle and the ejection of blood from the ventricles is referred to as [blank_start]systole[blank_end].

The volume of blood pumped by the left heart is greater than the volume of blood pumped by the right heart.

Insufficient cardiac valves cause murmurs which occur when the valve is normally...

The area of the heart with the fastest auto-rhythmic rate is called the [blank_start]sinoatrial[blank_end] node (aka pacemaker).

label the sequence of excitation of the heart

The condition of the AV valves during diastole is closed.

The condition of the SL valves during diastole is [blank_start]closed[blank_end].

What occurs in the atria during ventricular systole?

Cardiac Output (CO) is defined as: CO = HR x SV

In what two ways can cardiac output can be increased?

In a patient with significant mitral insufficiency, cardiac output would go [blank_start]down[blank_end].

Starling's Law of the Heart can be defined as, "the more blood that is in the heart before a beat, the harder it beats."

Choose two effects that parasympathetic stimulation has on the heart.

In [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] stimulation of the heart, heart rate [blank_start]increases[blank_end] and norepinephrine and epinephrine make the heart beat [blank_start]faster[blank_end] and [blank_start]harder[blank_end].

Indicate whether the relationship between these variables is "direct" or "inverse." A. pressure & flow rate___ [blank_start]direct[blank_end] B. vessel length & resistance___ [blank_start]direct[blank_end] C. vessel diameter & resistance___ [blank_start]inverse[blank_end] D. vessel length & flow rate___ [blank_start]inverse[blank_end] E. vessel diameter & flow rate___ [blank_start]direct[blank_end] F. resistance & flow rate___inverse

Indicate the direction of change in each of these variables in order to correct of compensate for the condition listed on the left.

[blank_start]Hypertension[blank_end] is a persistent elevation of systemic arterial pressure.

Hypotension is generally considered a [blank_start]systolic[blank_end] pressure of less than 100mmHg.

"Essential (primary)" hypertension is hypertension of an unknown cause where "Secondary" hypertension is hypertension of a known cause (the result of another disease.

"Body position hypertension" is sometimes also known as [blank_start]orthostatic[blank_end] hypertension.

The [blank_start]sympathetics[blank_end] is the division of the autonomics that mobilizes energy.

The parasympathetics is the division of the autonomics that [blank_start]conserves and restores energy.[blank_end]

Receptors stimulated by acetylcholine are collectively referred to as [blank_start]cholinergic[blank_end] receptors.

Receptors stimulated by epinephrine and norepinephrine are collectively referred to as what kind of receptors?

Acetylcholine receptors found on target cells stimulated by the autonomics are pharmacologically referred to as muscarininc receptors.

The muscarinic receptors may be blocked by [blank_start]atropin[blank_end].

The myocardium of the heart only has [blank_start]beta[blank_end] adrenergic receptors.

Excitation of alpha adrenergic receptors may cause

Excitation of beta adrenergic receptors may cause what three effects...

A beta blocker would have what effect on heart rate? [blank_start]Lowers hr[blank_end] While an alpha exciter would [blank_start]increase hr and bp[blank_end] because it causes vasoconstriction.

Label the waves. Describe the changes in ventricular pressure associated with each wave.

All the following take place in the P wave of an EKG: The heart is in diastole Atrial Depolarization Atria contract, pushing blood into ventricles

Check all that occur during a QRS complex on an EKG

The T wave of an EKG symbolizes ventricular repolarization and the DUP noise occurs.

Outline the feedback loop in neural regulation of systemic arterial pressure

Indicate if an excess in the hormone would be associated with hypertension or hypotension. epinephrine [blank_start]hypertension[blank_end] aldosterone [blank_start]hypertension[blank_end] ADH [blank_start]hypertension[blank_end]

[blank_start]circulatory shock[blank_end] - low blood perfusion to tissues resulting in cellular injury and inadequate tissue function [blank_start]ischemia[blank_end] - inadequate blood supply to a localized area, especially in heart muscles [blank_start]infarction[blank_end] - obstruction of blood supply causing local death of tissue [blank_start]angiotensinogen[blank_end] - blood protein produced by the liver that is converted to angiotensin I by the enzyme, renin [blank_start]cardiac reserve[blank_end] - difference between resting and maximum CO [blank_start]heart failure[blank_end] - failure to maintain adequate CO due to cardiovascular problems or myocardial damage

Failure of the heart to pump adequately is [blank_start]heart failure[blank_end].

[blank_start]Left[blank_end] heart failure is more frequent.

The difference between ventricular end-diastolic volume and ventricular end-systolic volume is called [blank_start]stroke volume[blank_end].

[blank_start]Preload[blank_end] is synonymous with ventricular end-diastolic volume.

After load is a function of what?

Patients with coronary artery disease generally benefit from therapies which [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] preload and [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] after load.

[blank_start]Left[blank_end] heart failure is generally associated with pulmonary congestion, while right heart failure is generally associated with systemic congestion.

ACH receptors are also known as [blank_start]muscarininc[blank_end] receptors and are blocked by [blank_start]atropine[blank_end].