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Psychology Final Exam study guide

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everything that needs to be known
Mark Caballero
Quiz by Mark Caballero, updated more than 1 year ago
Mark Caballero
Created by Mark Caballero almost 9 years ago
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Question 1

Question
Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for
Answer
  • discerning human similarities and differences.
  • avoiding operational definitions.
  • making psychology free of value judgments.
  • To make Psychology less complicated

Question 2

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Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between
Answer
  • Childhood memories and psychological disorders.
  • Philosophy and phsiology
  • natural selection and genetic predispositions.
  • thought process and brain functions

Question 3

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Clinical psychologists specialize in
Answer
  • providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.
  • providing therapy to troubled people.
  • animal research.
  • constructing surveys

Question 4

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the specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a
Answer
  • clinical psychologist.
  • psychiatrist
  • personality psychologist
  • developmental psychologist

Question 5

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correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors
Answer
  • vary together.
  • influence each other
  • are random samples
  • are dependent variables

Question 6

Question
A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +1.00 would indicate that
Answer
  • it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based on knowledge of dating frequency.
  • more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.
  • less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.
  • physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating frequency.

Question 7

Question
Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate
Answer
  • overconfidence.
  • hindsight bias
  • the placebo effect
  • random sampling

Question 8

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Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned
Answer
  • to the group in which participants all have similar personalities.
  • in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.
  • to that group by chance.
  • to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.

Question 9

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Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of
Answer
  • unconscious motives.
  • conditioned responses
  • mental processes
  • clinical psychology

Question 10

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A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)
Answer
  • control condition
  • hypothesis
  • replication
  • operational definition

Question 11

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Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
Answer
  • overconfidence
  • random assignment
  • the double-blind procedure
  • operational definitions

Question 12

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Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's
Answer
  • genetic predispositions
  • childhood memories
  • unconscious thought processes
  • potential for healthy growth.

Question 13

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From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of
Answer
  • unconscious conflicts
  • conscious thoughts and feelings
  • observable behavior
  • genetic influences

Question 14

Question
The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.
Answer
  • massed practice and spaced practice
  • genes and experience
  • unconscious and conscious motives
  • behavior and mental processes

Question 15

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Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates
Answer
  • random assignment
  • overconfidence
  • the placebo effect
  • naturalistic observation

Question 16

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The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
Answer
  • overestimates the importance of operational definitions.
  • is based on naturalistic observation.
  • may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.
  • leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.

Question 17

Question
The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.
Answer
  • the double-blind procedure
  • random sampling
  • hindsight bias
  • positive expectations

Question 18

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Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves
Answer
  • debriefing
  • evaluating evidence
  • case study
  • informed consent

Question 19

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A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between
Answer
  • genetics and eye color
  • bone density and body size
  • self-esteem and popularity
  • neurotransmitters and depression

Question 20

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Auditory stimulation is first processed in the ________ lobes.
Answer
  • temporal
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • parietal

Question 21

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Information is carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by
Answer
  • sensory neurons
  • interneurons
  • glial cells
  • motor neurons

Question 22

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The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state called
Answer
  • reuptake.
  • an action potential
  • polarization
  • homeostasis

Question 23

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Neurotransmitters are released from knob-like terminals at the end of the
Answer
  • cell body.
  • myelin sheath
  • axon
  • dendrites

Question 24

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Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing
Answer
  • . identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised together.
  • identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart
  • identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together.
  • identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised apart.

Question 25

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An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to Select one:
Answer
  • fear dangerous animals
  • love their own children
  • seek healthy looking mates
  • do all of these things

Question 26

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neural networks refer to
Answer
  • neural cables containing many axons
  • the branching extensions of a neuron
  • junctions between sending and receiving neurons
  • interrelated clusters of neurons in the central nervous system

Question 27

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Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
Answer
  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
  • amygdala
  • medulla

Question 28

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If your ________ is destroyed, the left side of your brain could not control the movements of your right hand.
Answer
  • amygdala
  • corpus callosum
  • hippocampus
  • brainstem

Question 29

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The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates
Answer
  • mutations.
  • natural selection.
  • environmental influences
  • heredity.

Question 30

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The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the
Answer
  • thalamus.
  • cerebellum.
  • medulla
  • amygdala

Question 31

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A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called
Answer
  • reuptake
  • the action potential
  • the synapse
  • polarization

Question 32

Question
The principle of natural selection was first advanced by
Answer
  • Lyudmila trut
  • dimitry belyaev
  • Richard dawkins
  • charles darwin

Question 33

Question
The central nervous system consists of
Answer
  • somatic and autonomic systems.
  • . sensory and motor neurons.
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
  • the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 34

Question
A synapse is a(n)
Answer
  • chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions.
  • neural cable containing many axons
  • junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.
  • automatic response to sensory input

Question 35

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The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ________ nervous systems.
Answer
  • somatic
  • peripheral
  • autonomic
  • sympathetic

Question 36

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An axon is
Answer
  • the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
  • a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons.
  • a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
  • a molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites.

Question 37

Question
The part of the brainstem that helps to coordinate movements is called the
Answer
  • nucleus accumbens
  • corpus callosum.
  • pons
  • amygdala.

Question 38

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The parasympathetic nervous system
Answer
  • stimulates digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
  • inhibits digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
  • inhibits digestion and slows heartbeat.
  • stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat.

Question 39

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Gender identity refers to
Answer
  • the set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
  • the sense of being male or female.
  • one's biological sex.
  • how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.

Question 40

Question
Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Which of the following most clearly highlights Mr. Eskenazi's gender typing of his children?
Answer
  • evolutionary psychology
  • cognitive neuroscience
  • social learning theory
  • Freudian psychology

Question 41

Question
A boy who exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns demonstrates the influence of
Answer
  • puberty.
  • gender typing.
  • primary sex characteristics
  • the X chromosome.

Question 42

Question
When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Vijay does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Vijay's behavior best illustrates the importance of
Answer
  • gender identity.
  • menarche.
  • testosterone.
  • gender roles

Question 43

Question
Children tend to organize their worlds into male and female categories. This best illustrates the importance of
Answer
  • the Y chromosome.
  • gender schemas
  • primary sex characteristics.
  • testosterone.

Question 44

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Compared with men, women experience a greater risk of
Answer
  • eating disorders
  • antisocial personality disorders.
  • color blindness.
  • autism

Question 45

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Gender typing refers to the acquisition of
Answer
  • a traditional masculine or feminine role.
  • secondary sex characteristics.
  • expected behaviors for males or for females.
  • a sense of being either male or female.

Question 46

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The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a
Answer
  • gender schema
  • gender identity.
  • gender role.
  • gender type.

Question 47

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A gender role refers to
Answer
  • a sense of being male or female.
  • a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
  • a sense of being transgender.
  • one's birth sex.

Question 48

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Compared with females, males use conversation to
Answer
  • obtain feedback on their views.
  • offer support.
  • explore relationships.
  • communicate solutions

Question 49

Question
Compared with boys, girls are more likely to play in ________ groups.
Answer
  • small
  • unsupervised
  • mixed age
  • comeptitive

Question 50

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The roles assigned to women and men
Answer
  • have been pretty much the same in all historical time periods.
  • differ widely across cultures
  • are pretty much the same in all cultures.
  • differ widely across historical time periods but not across cultures.

Question 51

Question
A study of phone communication in France indicated that women make ________ phone calls than men and stay connected for a ________ period of time when talking to other women than men do when talking to other men.
Answer
  • fewer; shorter
  • fewer; longer
  • more; longer
  • more; shorter

Question 52

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Social learning theory emphasizes that
Answer
  • observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.
  • children only learn gender-typed behaviors if they have been directly rewarded for them.
  • children will not learn gender-typed behaviors if the same-sex parent is absent from the home.
  • all of these statements are true.

Question 53

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Although Wendy is genetically male, she dresses in women's clothes in order to express her strong sense of identity as a female. Wendy could best be described as
Answer
  • asexual
  • bisexual
  • transgender
  • intersex

Question 54

Question
The first appearance of secondary sex characteristics is most likely to be associated with the onset of
Answer
  • the x chromosome
  • gender identity
  • puberty
  • transgender

Question 55

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Maturation refers to
Answer
  • biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.
  • any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development
  • the acquisition of socially acceptable behaviors.
  • the physical and sexual development of early adolescence.

Question 56

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According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
Answer
  • parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure.
  • incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
  • adjusting current schemas to make sense of new experiences.
  • developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers.

Question 57

Question
Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?
Answer
  • Ruth and Ramona, identical twins
  • Larry and Laura, brother and sister
  • Vincent Sr. and Vincent Jr., father and son
  • Philip and Paul, fraternal twins

Question 58

Question
A child's temperament is likely to be
Answer
  • a product of parenting style.
  • stable over time.
  • a reflection of his or her thinking.
  • Difficulty: Difficult to observe.

Question 59

Question
According to Erikson, adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to
Answer
  • integrity
  • autonomy
  • intimacy
  • generativity

Question 60

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At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are
Answer
  • authoritarian.
  • authoritative
  • conservative.
  • permissive.

Question 61

Question
Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to
Answer
  • withdraw a limb to escape pain.
  • look longer at face-like images.
  • open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.
  • turn the head away from a cloth placed over the face.

Question 62

Question
Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as ________ parents.
Answer
  • conventional
  • permissive
  • authoritative
  • authoritarian

Question 63

Question
Cognition refers to
Answer
  • any process of change that accompanies maturation.
  • any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain.
  • the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
  • an emotional tie linking one person with another.

Question 64

Question
Most victims of childhood sexual abuse become normal adults. This best illustrates
Answer
  • object permanence.
  • egocentrism.
  • resilience.
  • conservation.

Question 65

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Erik Erikson suggested that the major psychosocial task of middle adulthood was to discover a sense of contributing to the world by being productive. According to Erikson, those who do this effectively demonstrate
Answer
  • generativity.
  • intuition.
  • integrity.
  • autonomy

Question 66

Question
According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.
Answer
  • preconventional
  • concrete operational
  • postconventional
  • conventional

Question 67

Question
Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the development of
Answer
  • moral intuitions.
  • moral reasoning
  • the achievement of identity.
  • self-awareness.

Question 68

Question
According to Erikson, teens who suffer role confusion have not yet
Answer
  • achieved a sense of autonomy.
  • solidified a sense of identity
  • strived for a sense of competence.
  • experienced a sense of basic trust.

Question 69

Question
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
Answer
  • a failure to realize that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.
  • the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.
  • young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure.
  • a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking.

Question 70

Question
The cocktail party effect provides an example of
Answer
  • change blindness.
  • hypnagogic sensations.
  • selective attention
  • REM rebound.

Question 71

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a disinhibitor is a substance that makes you less impulsive
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 72

Question
Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.
Answer
  • neurotransmitter
  • disinhibition
  • neuroadaptive
  • psychoactive

Question 73

Question
Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a
Answer
  • signal detector.
  • sensory adaptation.
  • perceptual set
  • difference threshold.

Question 74

Question
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes is called
Answer
  • top-down processing
  • prosopagnosia.
  • signal detection.
  • priming.

Question 75

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Patients who have negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure may experience increased postoperative pain. This best illustrates the importance of
Answer
  • top-down processing.
  • difference thresholds.
  • sensory adaptation.
  • priming.

Question 76

Question
For some people, hearing certain sounds may activate color-sensitive regions of the cortex so as to trigger a sensation of color. This phenomenon is called
Answer
  • telepathy.
  • kinesthesis.
  • synesthesia
  • tinnitus.

Question 77

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A gestalt is best described as a(n)
Answer
  • binocular cue.
  • illusion.
  • monocular cue.
  • organized whole.

Question 78

Question
Parapsychology refers to the
Answer
  • study of synesthesia.
  • study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis
  • direct transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.
  • study of perceptual illusions.

Question 79

Question
Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called
Answer
  • olfaction.
  • the vestibular sense.
  • sensory interaction.
  • kinesthesis

Question 80

Question
Rods are
Answer
  • less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones.
  • more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones
  • less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.
  • more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.

Question 81

Question
Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?
Answer
  • feature detectors
  • bipolar cells
  • rods
  • cones

Question 82

Question
Accommodation refers to the
Answer
  • process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.
  • process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages.
  • quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation.
  • diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

Question 83

Question
A mental set is most likely to inhibit
Answer
  • confirmation bias.
  • belief perseverance.
  • overconfidence.
  • creativity.

Question 84

Question
Experts would agree that intelligence is mental ability to learn from experience.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 85

Question
A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates
Answer
  • insight.
  • divergent thinking
  • convergent thinking.
  • intuition.

Question 86

Question
The heritability of intelligence refers to
Answer
  • the extent to which the distribution of intelligence scores of a group approximates a normal curve.
  • the proportion of variation in intelligence among individuals that is attributable to genetic variation.
  • the extent to which an individual's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.
  • a general underlying intelligence factor that is measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Question 87

Question
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people is a(n)
Answer
  • concept.
  • heuristic.
  • prototype.
  • algorithm.

Question 88

Question
People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates
Answer
  • mental set.
  • the availability heuristic.
  • the framing effect.
  • belief perseverance.

Question 89

Question
Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as “75 percent lean” than to ground beef described as “25 percent fat.” This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by
Answer
  • confirmation bias.
  • framing.
  • the availability heuristic.
  • belief perseverance.

Question 90

Question
Semantics refers to the
Answer
  • early speech stage in which a child speaks in two-word sentences.
  • rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.
  • ability to understand what is said to us.
  • orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences.

Question 91

Question
Conditioning is the process of
Answer
  • discrimination.
  • observational learning.
  • spontaneous recovery.
  • learning associations.

Question 92

Question
In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the
Answer
  • unconditioned reinforcer
  • unconditioned stimulus.
  • conditioned reinforcer.
  • conditioned stimulus.

Question 93

Question
A child learns to stop fighting with his brother when the fight leads to suspension of the child's TV-viewing privileges. In this case, the suspension of TV-viewing privileges is a
Answer
  • positive reinforcer.
  • negative reinforcer.
  • positive punishment.
  • negative punishment.

Question 94

Question
Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
Answer
  • positive reinforcer
  • negative reinforcer.

Question 95

Question
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
Answer
  • negative reinforcer
  • positive reinforcer.

Question 96

Question
Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of
Answer
  • associative learning
  • continuous reinforcement.
  • modeling.
  • respondent behavior.

Question 97

Question
A mnemonic is a
Answer
  • long-term memory.
  • memory aid.
  • sensory memory.
  • test or measure of memory.

Question 98

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chunking refers to the organization of information in to large groups not meaningful ones
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 99

Question
process of encoding refers to getting info into memory
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 100

Question
process of getting info out of memory is called
Answer
  • retrieval
  • ejection
  • extraction
  • memory taking

Question 101

Question
Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing
Answer
  • source amnesia.
  • flashbulb memories
  • amnesia.

Question 102

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Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates
Answer
  • motivated forgetting
  • retrograde amnesia.
  • source amnesia.

Question 103

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Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires
Answer
  • implicit memory.
  • working memory.
  • deep processing.
  • automatic processing.

Question 104

Question
Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.
Answer
  • implicit
  • sensory.
  • short-term

Question 105

Question
According to Freud, the unconscious is
Answer
  • a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behavior.
  • the part of personality that cannot process information.
  • the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
  • a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past.

Question 106

Question
The MMPI is an example of a(n)
Answer
  • personality inventory
  • self-esteem test.
  • projective test.

Question 107

Question
In response to stress, the adrenal glands release
Answer
  • epinephrine.
  • serotonin

Question 108

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Psychologists define stress as
Answer
  • physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion.
  • the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events.

Question 109

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A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is most unrelated to whether people
Answer
  • sleep well.
  • have an active religious faith.
  • are young or old.
  • have a happy marriage.

Question 110

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One of the major pillars of the positive psychology movement involves the study of
Answer
  • character strengths
  • the relaxation response.
  • self-control.

Question 111

Question
Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the
Answer
  • rats could control the termination of the shocks.
  • shocks became a routine part of the rats' daily life.
  • shocks were systematically associated with the delivery of appetizing food.

Question 112

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Subjective well-being refers to
Answer
  • self-perceived happiness
  • emotional-focused coping.

Question 113

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An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)
Answer
  • instinct.
  • drive.

Question 114

Question
The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
Answer
  • to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
  • an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion.
  • the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
  • to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.

Question 115

Question
Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as
Answer
  • self-transcendence needs.
  • self-actualization needs.

Question 116

Question
A disorder in which a person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and disordered perceptions is a
Answer
  • psychosis.
  • dissociation.

Question 117

Question
In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a “word salad”?
Answer
  • schizophrenia
  • panic disorder

Question 118

Question
The onset of schizophrenia is typically associated with early
Answer
  • adulthood
  • adolescence.
  • childhood.
  • infancy.

Question 119

Question
Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)
Answer
  • dissociative disorder
  • antisocial personality disorder.

Question 120

Question
A basic element of all effective psychotherapies is the
Answer
  • escape from real-life pressures offered by psychotherapy
  • client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better.
  • professional training and experience of the therapist.

Question 121

Question
A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is
Answer
  • active listening.
  • free association
  • operant conditioning

Question 122

Question
A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who
Answer
  • uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches.
  • prefers to engage in therapy in a group setting.
  • emphasizes that active listening is the major technique in all effective therapies.

Question 123

Question
Counterconditioning techniques for replacing unwanted responses are
Answer
  • systematic desensitization and free association.
  • aversive conditioning and exposure therapies.
  • unconditional positive regard and transference.

Question 124

Question
Humanistic therapists are likely to teach clients to
Answer
  • focus more on other people's feelings than on their own.
  • take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions
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