Countries and capitals

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The capital of Germany is Frankfurt

Our homeland is the Russian Federation or [blank_start]Russia[blank_end] as it is often called. It is a very large country which stretches for thousands kilometers from north to south and from west to east. Its population is over 150 million people. People of many nationalities live in Russia. The largest nation is the [blank_start]Russian[blank_end] one. There are also nationalities numbering only some hundreds of people. The territory of Russia is 17 million square kilometers. 3/4 (three quarters) of Russia lie in [blank_start]Asia[blank_end] and 1/4 (one quarter) in [blank_start]Europe[blank_end]. The state border is very long. Our neighbours are such countries as China, Mongolia, and Republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the south, Ukraine, and the Baltic States in the west. In the north and in the east Russia is washed by 12 seas which are the parts of two oceans (The Arctic and the Pacific Oceans). The capital of Russia is [blank_start]Moscow[blank_end] with the population of 9 million people. The history of Russia is connected with the history of Moscow. Moscow was founded in 1147 by the Russian prince [blank_start]Yuri Dolgorukiy[blank_end]. It was built as a fortress against numerous enemies. The Kremlin is the real heart of Moscow. Its walls are very ancient and beautiful. The surface of our Motherland is various. It has high mountains (the Urals, the Altai), the lowlands (the Russian Lowland, the West-Siberian Lowland) and highlands, grasslands and deserts. The longest rivers are the [blank_start]Volga[blank_end], the Amour, the Ob, the Lena, the Yenisei, which flow into seas and oceans and they are used for producing electricity. The country is full of large and beautiful lakes. The [blank_start]Baikal Lake[blank_end], the deepest fresh-water lake in the world, is the real pearl of Siberia, of the whole country. Russia is rich in coal, gas, oil, iron and other natural resources. Great forests can be considered as treasure of the country but nowadays they are in danger because modern world requires more and more wood.

[blank_start]London[blank_end] is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic, and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million. London is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End, and the East End. The heart of London is the [blank_start]City[blank_end], its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices, and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, and the Old Bailey. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps the most striking of them is the [blank_start]St. Paul's Cathedral[blank_end], the greatest of English churches. It was built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It was used as a fortress, a royal palace, and a prison. Now it is a museum. [blank_start]Westminster[blank_end] is the governmental part of London. Nearly all English kings and queens have been crowned in Westminster Abbey. Many outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers, poets, and painters are buried here: Newton, Darwin, Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc. Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big bell, known as "Big Ben". Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen. The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is the symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and theatres are situated there. The Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square. On the north side of the Trafalgar Square is the National Portrait Gallery. Not far away is the British Museum — the biggest museum in London. It contains a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc, and is also famous for its library. There are a lot of factories, workshops, and docks in the East End.

The history of the USA dates back only to the 15th century. In the 15th century there was no USA at all. The present territory of the USA was divided among some countries. In the 15th — 16th centuries some territory of the USA belonged to [blank_start]Great Britain[blank_end] (northern and western lands); southern parts (California, Florida, New Mexico, Texas) belonged to Spain, then — to [blank_start]Mexico[blank_end]; the central part, the territory was called Louisiana — to France; [blank_start]Alaska[blank_end] was possessed by Russia; some territories remained to be under Indians control. In 18th century there were only thirteen Britain's American colonies and they broke with Great Britain in 1776 and later were recognized as the new nation of the the United States of America, following the Treaty of [blank_start]Paris[blank_end] in 1783. During the 19th"and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded their frontiers across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. There were three most dramatic experiences in the nation's history: the Civil War (1861-1865), the Great Depression of the 1930s and Vietnam War of the 1960s — 70s. After its victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the USA remains the world's most powerful state. The economy is marked by steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and great advances in technology. Nowadays USA is world's third-largest country by size (after Russia and Canada) and by population (after China and India). It is about half the size of Russia or lightly larger than China or Brazil.

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