Theorists

Barthes Theory

Barthes suggested that there will be one or more of the 5 codes that describe the meaning of a text.Barthes said that texts may be 'open' or 'closed'.

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The 5 Codes

Hermeneutic / Enigma Code Proairetic / Action Code Semantic Code Symbolic Code  Referential Code

Hermeneutic / Enigma code

This code refers to mystery within a text. Clues are dropped, but no clear answers are given. Enigmas within the narrative make the audience want to know more. Unanswered enigmas tend to frustrate the audience.

Proairetic / Action code

This code contains sequential elements of action in the text. Proairetic elements add suspense to the text.

Semantic Code

This code refers to parts within the text that suggest or refers to additional meanings. Elements of the semantic code are called Semes. The seme has a connotative function in the text. It has an extra layer of meaning in addition to its literal meaning.

Symbolic code

This code is about symbolism within the textIt exercises opposites to show contrast and create greater meaning, creating tension, drama and character development. 

Referential Code

This code refers to anything in the text which refers to an external body of knowledge such as scientific, historical and cultural knowledge.

Vladimir Propp developed a character theory for studying media texts and productions, which indicates that there were 7 broad character types in the 100 tales he analysed, which could be applied to other media: The villain (struggles against the hero) The donor (prepares the hero or gives the hero some magical object)

Propp Theory

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Strauss Theory

Strauss argued that all narratives could be reduced down to binary opposites. For example: weak vs strong good vs evil Americans vs Native Americans

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