REVISION FOR EXAMS

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Caption: : THE INSIDE OF THE EARTH

CYCLES INSIDE EARTH

MOVING PLATES

Tectonic drift is the process by which the enormous tectonic plates on the surface of the earth move and collide with one another. Earthquakes and Volcanoes result from these plate movements. Although the movements are quiet slow-just a few centimetres per year in most cases-over the course of Earth's history they have completely rearranged the positions and relationships of the continents.

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Caption: : Movement Of The Tectonic Plates

MOLTEN MATTER

If the whole planet was solid, it would be even more difficult to move the plates, and require even more extreme forces. But the inner layers of earth are not solid, they are liquid-not water but molten rock. It would take enormous amounts of energy to melt. The inner layers of the earth's energy comes from two main sources.*Ongoing decay of radioactive decay converts matter into energy in accordance with Albert Einstein's famous equation E=mc2.*The other source of energy comes from the time when the earth formed, (leftover heat) along with the rest of the solar system, 4.5 billion years ago.

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Caption: : THE BIG BANG

ENERGY FOR MOTION

The inner core of the earth is believed to be solid, and contain a high proportion of iron, as well as possibly large amounts of gold and other precious metals. The inner core would have been liquid at a normal rate, but the immense pressure from the whole earth's mass pushing on it enables it remain solid.The outer core is liquid, and is believed to rotate at a slightly different rate to the mantle above it, placing forces on the mantle. There are also believed to be 'currents' of molten rock moving within the outer core.It is thought together that these movements provide the energy for the movements of the tectonic plates on the surface.

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Caption: : KILAUEA VOLCANO ON HAWAII

ROCKS

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Caption: : BEACH SUNSET ROCKS

IGNEOUS ROCKS

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Caption: : THE FRIST ROCKS

The first rocks of the crust and upper mantle formed long ago when material called magma cooled and solidified. Magma is very hot molten (melted) rock. Scientists think that magma forms within the lower mantle. Dissolved gases make magma less dense than the surrounding rock and pushes it upwards through any fault or crack in the crust above. On the way, magma melts more rock from the upper mantle and crust.

CRYSTALS & MINERALS 

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Caption: : QUARTZ SAPHIRS MINERALS

CrystalsWhen magma is solidifying, parcels in the liquid may clump together to form structures called crystals. Crystals are solids that have a variety of special shapes. When magma cools quickly, it forms rock with very small crystals or no crystals at all.MineralsRocks are made up of chemical substances called minerals. Minerals are particular combinations and arrangements of atoms that can be identified by their physical properties. Two physical properties of minerals are the size and shape of the crystals that form them.

Characteristics Of Igneous Rocks

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Caption: : CHARACTERISTICS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

Not all rocks are igneous. The other rock types are sedimentary and metamorphic. The following general characteristics will help you identify which rocks are igneous. Igneous rocks are:* Hard, because the minerals they contain are hard.* Strong, because the mineral crystals that make them up are strong.* Made up of interlocking crystals that have grown into each other and lock together.

CLASSIFYING IGNEOUS ROCKS

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Caption: : Granite & Basalt

Texture describes whether the rock is smooth or has obvious grains, lumps, air bubbles or interlocking crystals in it.Colour is linked to the minerals the rock contains. Dark-coloured rocks usually have a high content of heavy minerals such as olivine, a green mineral. Olivine contains heavier material elements such as iron. Light-coloured rocks contain high levels of silicon, oxygen and aluminium. Typical minerals are Quartz and the Feldspars.

EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

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Extrusive igneous rocks have very small crystals in them.The rapid cooling of these rocks make s the minerals solidify very fast, so large crystals don't have a chance to grow.the crystals may be hard to see with eyes alone, but usually can be seen very clearly with a microscope. the rock may have to be sliced into thin sections to be able to see the crystals.

INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

Intrusive igneous rocks contain large crystals, which can usually be seen without a microscope. these crystals are the result of slowly cooling magma.the crystals also interlock with each other.

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Caption: : GRANITE

WEATHERING

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Caption: : WEATHERING

PHYSICAL WEATHERING 

Temperature: solids expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled.Ice and water: ice can split rocks rapidly.ice also widens cracks in rocks.this is because any water that enters cracks will expand if it freezes.Salts: Salts such as sodium chloride and calcium sulphate from crystals as the water evaporates. if the crystals form inside a rock, then the expanding crystals can put a tremendous pressure on the rock and can break pieces off it.

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Caption: : ICE AND WATER

WIND: Fine particles of rock carried by wind can cause physical weathering. Plants: Plant roots can split rocks. they can grow through fine cracks, or even create their own cracks. As the root thickens, it splits the rock. Tree roots can be strong enough to seriously damage homes paving and driveways.

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Caption: : PLANTS

PHYSICAL WEATHERING

      Chemical Weathering 

Gases: Air contains oxygen and carbon dioxide , and both can react with certain types of rocks. These gases make the rock change to form different chemicals that o not hold together as strongly.Acids: Rainwater contains dilute acids that attack the rock.The acids can naturally form in the air during lightning, but pollution also forms acids in the air. Water: some rocks have soluble materials in them. This means that they can be dissolved by rain and running water removing the cements that holds the rocks together.

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Caption: : WATER

Erosion: Small particles of rock broken off by weathering cab carried away by water,wind and ice.sedimentation:The small rock particles that are carried away from the weathered rock are eventually.Soil: sediments are the basic components of soil. the other components are living g organisms,decaying waste and dead leaves.texture: is determined by the size of the particles that make up soil the main particles in solar classified into clay, silt and sand.

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Caption: : THE GRAND CANYON

Erosion, Sedimentation & Texture

Water-Holding Capacity

Water-Holding Capacity is a measure of how much water a particular amount of soil can hold. Some soils hold onto water very strongly, So strongly that it is hard for plants to extract the water they from the them. Soil high in clay are like this. Some clay soils can expand when they are wet and contract them when they are dry. This can damage buildings making them crack potentially unsafe. Many wet clay soils are weak and cannot support buildings. For example, Bridges, may have to be built on piles that are hammered into rock beneath the soil.

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Consistency

Consistency is the tendency of the soil particles to stick together. Clay particles are attracted to each other and stick together very well, while sand particles do not. In farming, mine rehabilitation and market gardening, soils are commonly compacted by vehicle wheels.

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Caption: : CONSISTENCY

PERMEABILITY

Permeability is the measure of how fast the water enters the soil. If water enters the soil slowly an permeability is low, then the water is likely to run off and not enter the soil. This is a problem for farmers and gardeners because plants will dry out and die.

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Caption: : HOW FAST

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Caption: : ADIOS AMIGOS