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Description
Flashcards by Johanna Brinkmann, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Johanna Brinkmann
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia? | 1. Agitation – increased irritability 2. Hallucination – in all five senses 3. Disorganized thinking – loss of ability to keep track of thoughts / conversations 4. Delusions – Illogical / Wrong beliefs due to inability to differentiate real / unreal |
| What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia? | 1. Lack of emotional response – in facial expression, monotone voice and eye contact 2. Social withdrawal or depression 3. Lack of initiative or drive (and self-care) 4. Apathy: Feeling of emptiness; unable to follow plans |
| What are cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia? | 1. Difficulty concentrating 2. Difficulty in understanding and choice making 3. Inability to use learned information immediately |
| What causes are given for schizophrenia? (2) + examples | 1. Genetic (first degree relative risk 6,5%, monozygotic twins 48%) 2. Environmental (living environment -> urban, isolated, traumatic biography; drug use -> cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines; prenatal stressors -> hypoxia, infection, stress, malnutrition) |
| What brain areas are most commonly involved in schizophrenia? | Frontal lobes, hippocampus, temporal lobes |
| How are positive and negative symptoms caused in schizophrenia in regard to brain areas? | Negative: Loss of neurons leads to hypofrontality / low mesocortical projection -> Damage to (esp. Dorsolateral pre-) frontal cortex (reduced gray matter) -> negative symptoms Positive: Same loss -> reduction of inhibition of dopamine release in ncl. Accumbens / high mesolimbic projection -> positive symptoms |
| What findings support a glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia? What doesn'? | Clinical/Genetic: significantly low levels of glutamate receptors post mortem; poor performance on tests requiring frontal lobe / hippocampus function Psychoactive drugs, glutamate antagonists: effects that mimic some positive/negative/cognitive symptoms - but: Symptoms do not respond to glutamatergic medication |
| What is Phencyclidine? What is it used for? Why was it removed from the market? | NMDA receptor antagonist; used as an anesthetic; removed due to long half-life and adverse side effects (hallucinations, mania, delirium...) |
| In the prefrontal cortex, there are 75% excitatory, glutamatergic neurons and 25% inhibitory, GABAergic neurons; how is their function out of balance in schizophrenia? | Due to low NMDA receptor density, enough excitation is not monitored sufficently; thus inhibitory neurons are tricked into downregulating their inhibition -> excitation. |
| What is a prepulse inhibition (PPI)? How is it affected in Schizophrenia? | neurological phenomenon; weaker prestimulus / prepulse inhibits the reaction to a subsequent stronger startling stimulus. PPI is lowered in Schizophrenia (startle response is stronger or disinhibited) |
| What conditions can appear like schizophrenia? | 1. substance abuse can trigger psychotic symptoms (amphetamines, cocaine...) 2. same for medication (antihistamines, DXM...) 3. medical conditions I. Neurological disorders (epilepsy, brain tumors...) II. Depression / Bipolar disorder or PTSD (! very similar is possible via flashbacks or numbness) |
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