9527871
Description
Flashcards by Pauli Ketchum, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Pauli Ketchum
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Phonetics: definition | - investigation of actual human speech sounds - about: phones - production, desription, classification and transcription of sounds |
| Phonology: definition | - investigation of sounds is a language - about: phonemes - range, function and meaning of sounds |
| Phone: definition | - smallest segmentable unit of sound - parole (actual physical output) - obervable, concrete - universal |
| Phoneme: definition | - smallest meaning-distinguishing unit of sound - langue (language system) - functional, abstract - language specific |
| 3 Branches of Phonetics | - Articulatory (production of speech sounds) (!) - acoustic (Transmission of speech sounds) - auditory (Perception of speech sounds) |
| How are sounds produced (+glottis)? | - pulmonic air streams through trachea and is phonated in larynx. - glottis open --> v.l. sounds - vocal chords vibrating --> v. sounds - glottis closed completely --> glottal stop - glottis almost closed ---> whisper |
| IPA: importance rules standards | - consistent, language-unspecific way (large discrepancy btw. pronunciation and spelling) - spelling: <>, phoneme //, phone [] - RP (Received Pronunciation) + GA (General American) |
| Human speech organs (backside) | alveolar ridge hard palate velum (soft palate) uvula epiglottis glottis |
| HUman speech organs (front side) | tip of the tongue blade of the tongue front of the tongue back of the tongue |
| Two kinds of articulators | active articulators - can be moved - teeth, lips, tongue, lower jaw passive articulators - provide points of reference - alveolar ridge, palate |
| 8 Places of articulation | - bilabial -labiodental - dental -alveolar - palato-alveolar - palatal - velar - glottal |
| 5 manners of articulation | Plosive Fricative Affricate Nasal Approximant |
| Plosives (how?) | - Complete closure of oral tract, velum raised to prevent air from escaping through nose - build-up of pressure - release |
| Fricatives (how?) | airflow obstructed, air escapes through friction - sibilants: hissing, hushing sounds |
| Affricate (how?) + which | Mixture of plosive and fricative - tsh (palato-alveolar, vl.) -dsch (palato-alveolar, v. |
| Nasal (how?) + which | Airflow obstructed, velum lowered, escapes through nose - n (alveolar, v.) - m (bilabial, v.) - ng (velar, v.) |
| Approximant (how?) + which | airflow barely obstructed - l (alveolar, v.) - r (alveolar, v.) - w (bilabial, v.) - j (palatal, v.) |
| Plosives (which?) | - k (velar, vl.) g (v) - p (bilabial, vl.) b (v) - t (alveolar, vl.) d(v) |
| Fricatives (which) | - f (labiodental, vl.) v (v.) - th (dental, vl.) th(v.) - s (alveolar, vl.) z (voiced) - sh (palato-alveolar, vl.) sch (v.) - h (glottal, vl.) |
| Classification of English vowels (5) | - Position of velum (oral, nasal, nasalized) - lip rounding (round, spread - tongue raising (front, central, back) - height of tongue (close, close-mid, open-mid, open) - monophthong vs. diphthong |
| Cardinal Vowel Diagram (draw it!) | |
| Allophones | - different realizations of the same phoneme - can be predictable (Complementary Distribution) (clear and dark l) - or Free variation |
| Minimal pairs | - meaningly only distinguished by one phoneme --> more than 2: minimal set |
| Connected Speech (Word boundaries) | - Linking /w/ (You and me), /j/ (He and I), and /r/ (better and faster) - Intrusive /r/ (India and Pakistan) - Liaison vs. glottal stops in German |
| Connected speech ("sloppy") | - Reduced forms (unstressed syllables, or dropping = elision) - Assimilation -- regressive = anticipatory (goob pen) -- progressive (it's) --coalescence (didshu (did you)) |
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