Traslation

Traslation

Procedures
1. Procedures of translating culture-specific concepts (CSCs)
  1. Making up a new word.
  2. Explaining the meaning of the SL expression in lieu of translating it.
  3. Preserving the SL term intact.
  4. Opting for a word in the TL which seems similar to or has the same "relevance" as the SL term.
2. Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration
3. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL.
4. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one.
5. Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word
6. Definiition:
  1. Analysis of the source and target languages
  2. Study of the source language before making attempts traslate it.
  3. Making judgements of the semantics and syntactic aproximations
7. Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT (culture-bound terms which refer to concepts, institutions and personnel which are specific to the SL culture ) is explained in several words.
8. Componential analysis: compares an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components."
9. Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent.
10. Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation.
11. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, change from singular to plural, the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth.
12. Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective.
13. Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term.
14. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part.
15. Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent.
StrategieS
1. Krings (1986:18) "translator's potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete translation task,"
2. Seguinot (1989)there are three global strategies employed by the translators: 1.Translating without interruption for as long as possible; 2.Correcting surface errors immediately; 3.Leaving the monitoring for qualitative or stylistic errors in the text to the revision stage.
3. Loescher (1991:8) "a potentially conscious procedure for solving a a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it."
4. Venuti (1998:240) "involve the basic tasks of choosing the foreign text to be translated and developing a method to translate it."
5. Jaaskelainen (1999:71) "a series of competencies, a set of steps or processes that favor the acquisition, storage, and/or utilization of information."
  1. There are some strategies relate to what happens to texts, while other strategies relate to what happens in the process.
  2. Product-related strategies involves the basic tasks of choosing the text and developing a method to translate it. Process-related strategies are a set of rules or principles which a translator uses to reach the goals determined by the translating situation"
    1. There are two tipes of product related strategies: global strategies and local strategies: "global strategies refer to general principles and modes of action and local strategies refer to specific activities in relation to the translator's problem-solving and decision-making."
Methods
1. Newmark (1988b) the difference between translation methods and translation procedures, while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language.
  1. Word-for-word : translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
  2. Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
  3. Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.
  4. Semantic translation: it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
  5. Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
  6. Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original.
  7. Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
  8. Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership

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