methods and approaches

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Mindmap am methods and approaches, erstellt von Laila Kamel am 26/04/2018.
Laila Kamel
Mindmap von Laila Kamel, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Laila Kamel
Erstellt von Laila Kamel vor mehr als 6 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

methods and approaches

Anmerkungen:

  • how psychological research is done.
  1. hypothesis

    Anmerkungen:

    • theory; speculation
    1. Experiment

      Anmerkungen:

      • an investigation seeking to understand cause and effect.
      1. case studies

        Anmerkungen:

        • are intensive psychological studies of a single individual.
        • often known as clinical studies.
      2. Variable

        Anmerkungen:

        • effect
        • example:  1. an experiment tests whether watching violence on tv causes aggression. tho groups of children are randomly placed infant of a violent/nonviolent tv programs. -->(independent variable b/c it can be manipulated by the experimenter)2. placing a doll in front of the children and observing how they react/treat the doll.-->(dependent variable, the variable that stays constant and is being measured)
        • population; group of interest, to be studied. I__>representative sample is drawn.
        • random sampling: is a way of ensuring maximum representativeness--> the degree to which a sample reflects the diverse characteristics of the population being studied.
        1. dependent

          Anmerkungen:

          • what is measured
          1. independent

            Anmerkungen:

            • manipulated variable.
            • using two groups allows for comparison to be made and causation to be determined.
            1. experiment group

              Anmerkungen:

              • receiving or reacting to the independent variable
              1. control group (placebo)

                Anmerkungen:

                • doesn't receive the independent variable, but should be kept identical in all other respects. it's later on used to compare the experiment group.
            2. correlation coefficient

              Anmerkungen:

              • correlation-->shows the strength of relationship among variables. is a statistic that will give us the required information/outcome.
              • pearson correlation: is a descriptive statistic that describes the linear relationship between attributes.
              • correlation does not prove causation-->the reason something happens
              1. positive correlation

                Anmerkungen:

                • as one increases, the other increases as well. 
                1. negative correlation

                  Anmerkungen:

                  • as one increases, the other decreases.
                2. validity
                  1. internal val.

                    Anmerkungen:

                    • is the certainty with which the results of the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some other, confounding variable.
                    1. external val.

                      Anmerkungen:

                      • the extent to which the finding of a study can be generalized to other contexts in the "real world".
                    2. reliability

                      Anmerkungen:

                      • is whether or not the same results appear if the experiment is repeated under similar conditions.
                      1. statistics
                        1. descriptive

                          Anmerkungen:

                          • summarizes data. measures of central tendency, that is , they characterize the typical value of is a set of data.
                          1. mean

                            Anmerkungen:

                            • the arithmetic average of s et of number. ex. 22254411-->21(total)/6=3.5
                            1. median

                              Anmerkungen:

                              • the number that falls exactly in the middle of a distribution ex1. 24387-->23478=4 ex2. 558325-->235558=5+5/2=5 -->(get the average)
                              1. mode

                                Anmerkungen:

                                • the most repeated value in the data set. ex. 154787737=7
                            2. normal curve
                              1. positive skew

                                Anmerkungen:

                                • there are more exceptionally large values
                                1. negative skew

                                  Anmerkungen:

                                  • there are more exceptionally small variables.
                                2. variability

                                  Anmerkungen:

                                  • refers to how  much the numbers differ from each other. 
                                  1. standard deviation

                                    Anmerkungen:

                                    • measures a function of the average dispersion of numbers around the mean and is a commonly used measure of variability.
                                  2. inferential

                                    Anmerkungen:

                                    • are used to determine our level of confidence in claiming that a set of a givens of results would be extremely unlikely to occur if the result was only up to chance.
                                    1. type I error

                                      Anmerkungen:

                                      • refers to the conclusion that a difference exists wen in fact it does not.
                                      1. type II error

                                        Anmerkungen:

                                        • refers to the conclusion that there is no difference when in fact there is.
                                    2. ethics

                                      Anmerkungen:

                                      • occasionally, some experiments may include deception. ex. the staley pilgrim experiment-->UNETHICAL.
                                      1. informed consent

                                        Anmerkungen:

                                        • participants only agree to participate in study after they've been told what their participation entails.
                                        1. debriefing

                                          Anmerkungen:

                                          • is what the participants receive after the experiment has been concluded, in which they are told the exact purpose of their participation in the research and of any deception that may have been used in the process of experimentation.
                                          1. confidentiality
                                          2. subfields in psychology
                                            1. applied psychology

                                              Anmerkungen:

                                              • is psychology that is put directly into practice. ex. when therapist meets client. ex. school psychology
                                              1. basic psychology

                                                Anmerkungen:

                                                • is grounded in research and is often conducted at universities and private labs.
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