Motor Control Theories

1. theory provides support for instruction and teaching

1. Open

   Anmerkungen:

   • a control system in which all the info needed to initiate and carry out an action as planned is contained in the initial settings.
   • central nervous system is example. control center is brain.
   1. rocket
   2. soccer kick
   3. football pass
2. Closed

   Anmerkungen:

   • a control system in which during the course of an action feedback is compared against a standard or reference to enable an action to be carried out as planned
   • peripheral nervous system is example...effectors/limbs
   1. thermastat
   2. riding a bicycle

1. Info Processing/ Motor Program-Based

   Anmerkungen:

   • compute metaphor- receives & processes info
   • memory representation that stores info needed to perform an action
   • actions are hard-wired
2. Dynamic Systems Theory

   Anmerkungen:

   • Control of coordinated movement that emphasizes the role of info in the environment and the dynamic properties of the body and the limbs
   • movement patterns emerge as a function of individual, task, and environment

1. Invariant features
   1. sequence of actions
   2. relative timing
   3. relative force
2. Parameters
   1. muscle selection
   2. overall duration
   3. overall force
3. Schema
   1. rule that governs movement

1. Multi-discipline approach

   Anmerkungen:

   • physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics
2. Motor Control

   Anmerkungen:

   • information in the environment
   • dynamic properties of the body
3. Non-linear changes

   Anmerkungen:

   • e.g. water boiling

Anmerkungen:

• ability to change states or acquire a new structure/ pattern by itself

1. stability

   Anmerkungen:

   • behavioral steady set of a system
2. attractors

   Anmerkungen:

   • preferred behavioral states

1. Order parameter

   Anmerkungen:

   • defines the overall behavior
2. Control parameter

   Anmerkungen:

   • variables that change freely according to an action
3. Rate limiters

   Anmerkungen:

   • control parameters limits or hinders performance

Anmerkungen:

• collectives of muscles and joints that produce an action
• intrinsic structures (walking)
• developed through practice/ experience

1. attractor

   Anmerkungen:

   • stable states
   • example: bench pressing with good form
2. control parameters

   Anmerkungen:

   • the cause of the change
   • example: increasing weight
3. rate limiters

   Anmerkungen:

   • the cause of the negative change
   • increasing weight beyond capability
4. phase shifts

   Anmerkungen:

   • the change
   • example: too much weight can lead to change in correct form

1. Individual-environment system

   Anmerkungen:

   • allows energy to pass through it
2. energy flow

   Anmerkungen:

   • forms of energy- light, sound, electrical

Anmerkungen:

• perception of information by what it offers, invites, or demands of an organism in terms of action
• step-on ability, step across ability, sit-on ability, reaching ability, pass-under, stand on ability of a slope