2834248
Beschreibung
Mindmap von Ellen Hepburn, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
|
Erstellt von Ellen Hepburn
vor mehr als 9 Jahre
|
|
Biology
1.1 & 1.2
- Balanced Diet
- A balanced diet
it necessary to
stay healthy
- It provides the right balance
of different you need and
the right amount of energy
- It provides the right balance
of different you need and
the right amount of energy
- What makes up a healthy diet?
- Fats and carbohydrates
- Provide energy for
your body chemistry to
function correctly
- Keep your
body
temperature
at 37 degrees
- Excessive fats and
carbohydrates can
lead to obesity
- A common disorder in developed countries
- Having a
mass of at
least 20%
greater than
the max
recommended
body mass
- Overeating, lack
of sufficient
exercise, bad
diet and
hormonal
problems
- Can lead to
arthritis, type 2
diabetes, high
blood pressure,
and heart
disease
- A common disorder in developed countries
- Provide energy for
your body chemistry to
function correctly
- Protein
- Build cells, grow new tissue, repair & replace cells
- Build cells, grow new tissue, repair & replace cells
- Mineral ions and vitamins
- Small amounts
- Healthy functioning of the body
- Mineral salts containing things
like sodium, calcium,
potassium and chloride ions
- Too much salt (sodium
chloride) can cause high
blood pressure & heart
problems
- Too much salt (sodium
chloride) can cause high
blood pressure & heart
problems
- Small amounts
- Fibre
- keeps everything running
smoothly in your digestive
system
- keeps everything running
smoothly in your digestive
system
- Fats and carbohydrates
- Malnourishment
- When a person's diet is not balanced
- A malnourished
person is not
necessarily thin - an
obese person could
be malnourished if
they only ate junk
food as this is not
providing them a
balanced diet.
- MALNOURISHMENT
AND STARVATION
ARE NOT THE
SAME THING!!!!!!
- When a person's diet is not balanced
- Losing weight
- A person loses
mass when the
energy content of
the food taken in
is lower than the
amount of
energy used by
the body
- A person loses
mass when the
energy content of
the food taken in
is lower than the
amount of
energy used by
the body
- Energy
- Metabolism/Metabolic rate
- How fast the chemical reactions in your body take place
- This is your metabolism
- These reactions are fuelled by energy
- This is your metabolism
- The amount of
exercise you do
makes your
metabolism vary
- How fast the chemical reactions in your body take place
- Energy used by your body
- Exercise increases the amount of energy used by your body
- Athletes or people
doing heavy manual
labour need a higher
energy (calorie) intake
- The amount of fat
and carbohydrates
you eat should be
adjusted
- The amount of fat
and carbohydrates
you eat should be
adjusted
- Athletes or people
doing heavy manual
labour need a higher
energy (calorie) intake
- Exercise increases the amount of energy used by your body
- Metabolism/Metabolic rate
- A balanced diet
it necessary to
stay healthy
- Defence against disease
- Pathogens
- Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
- Bacteria
- What they do
- Very small cells
- Rapidly reproduce
- Cell division
- Cell division
- Produce toxins
- What makes you feel ill
- What makes you feel ill
- Very small cells
- Antibiotics
- Help cure bacterial disease
- Kill infectious bacteria
- Kill infectious bacteria
- CAN'T TREAT VIRUSES
- VIRUSES LIVE &
REPRODUCE INSIDE
THE CELLS
- CAN'T TREAT THEM
WITHOUT DAMAGING
THE CELLS
- CAN'T TREAT THEM
WITHOUT DAMAGING
THE CELLS
- VIRUSES LIVE &
REPRODUCE INSIDE
THE CELLS
- Antibiotics like
penicillin kill or
prevent the growth of
harmful pathogens
- They kill the bacteria
but not your own body
cells
- They kill the bacteria
but not your own body
cells
- Different antibiotics target
different bacteria
- Specific bacteria should be
treated by specific antibiotics
- Specific bacteria should be
treated by specific antibiotics
- Help cure bacterial disease
- Antibiotic resistant strains
- Overuse and inappropriate use
has increased the rate of
development of antibiotic
resistant strains
- Important not to over use antibiotics
- Important not to over use antibiotics
- Many strains mutate
which causes
stronger, more
resilient strains of
bacteria to survive as
a result of natural
selection
- If infections are treated with
antibiotics then resistant bacteria
will survive
- This means
resistant bacteria
can survive and
reproduce to infect
other people
- This will then spread
rapidly as people are not
immune to it and there is
no treatment
- This will then spread
rapidly as people are not
immune to it and there is
no treatment
- This means
resistant bacteria
can survive and
reproduce to infect
other people
- Overuse and inappropriate use
has increased the rate of
development of antibiotic
resistant strains
- What they do
- Viruses
- NOT cells
- Smaller than bacteria
- They damage the cells in which they reproduce
- They replicate by
invading a cell and
then using the cell's
genetic machinery
they reproduce
themselves as copies
of the original virus
- The invaded cell then bursts releasing lots of new viruses
- The cell damage is
what makes you
feel ill as your body
fights back to
make new 'good'
cells to replace
those destroyed by
the virus
- The cell damage is
what makes you
feel ill as your body
fights back to
make new 'good'
cells to replace
those destroyed by
the virus
- The invaded cell then bursts releasing lots of new viruses
- They replicate by
invading a cell and
then using the cell's
genetic machinery
they reproduce
themselves as copies
of the original virus
- Smaller than bacteria
- Can't be treated by antibiotics
- NOT cells
- Fungi
- Biggest microorganisms
- Live in colonies
- Digest material externally
- Absorb the nutrients from outside their cells
- Absorb the nutrients from outside their cells
- Can be useful or harmful
- Biggest microorganisms
- How our body deals with it
- Has defense systems
- Skin, hair, mucus stop
pathogens entering the
body
- Skin helps as when you
get a cut you get a scab
over it (small sections of
cells called platelets help
the blood to clot
- Tears contain a chemical
which kills bacteria on the
surface of the eyes
- The stomach contains HCl
acid which kills pathogenic
bacteria
- Skin, hair, mucus stop
pathogens entering the
body
- WHITE BLOOD CELLS
- Ingesting
- WBCs surround invasive microorganisms
and break them up and ingest them
- WBCs surround invasive microorganisms
and break them up and ingest them
- Produce antibodies
- An antibody is created by WBCs when
they encounter a 'foreign' antigen on a
pathogen they don't recognise. They
produce antibodies which lock onto the
antigens of the pathogen
- The antibodies produced are
specific to that type of antigen -
they will not lock onto any other
type of antigen
- ANTIGEN
- All invading cells have unique
molecules on their surface -
these are antigens
- All invading cells have unique
molecules on their surface -
these are antigens
- The antibodies produced are
specific to that type of antigen -
they will not lock onto any other
type of antigen
- An antibody is created by WBCs when
they encounter a 'foreign' antigen on a
pathogen they don't recognise. They
produce antibodies which lock onto the
antigens of the pathogen
- One of the most important parts of the IMMUNE SYSTEM
- Immune system
- Kicks in when a pathogen gets inside your body
- Produces specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen
- Does this quicker if you have been vaccinated
- Injected into you
with a inactive or
weakened form
of a pathogen
- The body starts an immune response
- Lymphocytes
produce
antibodies to
fight the
pathogen
- The body
remembers
how to
fight the
infection so
if you do
get infected
you can
fight it off
quicker
- CULTURING MICROORGANISMS
- You should
sterilise everything
- petri dish,
innocullating loop
(by passing
through a flame)
and agar jelly
- The lid of the petri dish should be secured by tape
- It should not be incubated
over 25 degrees to stop
harmful pathogens growing
- You should
sterilise everything
- petri dish,
innocullating loop
(by passing
through a flame)
and agar jelly
- CULTURING MICROORGANISMS
- The body
remembers
how to
fight the
infection so
if you do
get infected
you can
fight it off
quicker
- Lymphocytes
produce
antibodies to
fight the
pathogen
- The body starts an immune response
- Injected into you
with a inactive or
weakened form
of a pathogen
- Does this quicker if you have been vaccinated
- Kicks in when a pathogen gets inside your body
- Immune system
- Present throughout your body and always to hand
- If your WBC count is low you
are more susceptible to disease
& infection
- If your WBC count is low you
are more susceptible to disease
& infection
- Ingesting
- Produces antitoxins
- These counteract the toxic effect of
the toxins released by the pathogen.
They are very specific chemicals
- These counteract the toxic effect of
the toxins released by the pathogen.
They are very specific chemicals
- Has defense systems
- Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
- Pathogens
- Nervous system
- any changes
in your
surroundings
is potentially
a detectable
stimulus for
your sensory
organs
- sensory
organs contain
receptors that
are sensitive
to stimuli
- The nervous system controls our REFLEXES
- Receptor: sensitive
to changes in
conditions -
stimulated by a
stimulus
- Sensory neurone: the
nerve cell connected
to the receptor - a
message is sent
down it by the
receptor cell
- Synapse: the junction
between two neurones
to keep the signal
strong by diffusing
chemicals - a message
is passed onto it by
the sensory neurone
- Relay neurone: the nerve cell found in
the spinal chord - a message is passed
down the relay neurone by the synapse
- Motor neurone: the nerve cell that sends
the impulse to the effector - the relay
neurone passes the message down the
motor neurone
- Effector: the organ affected
by a nerve impulse as a
response to a stimulus -
the message is passed by
the motor neurone to the
effector
- Receptor: sensitive
to changes in
conditions -
stimulated by a
stimulus
- sensory
organs contain
receptors that
are sensitive
to stimuli
- any changes
in your
surroundings
is potentially
a detectable
stimulus for
your sensory
organs
- Internal conditions
- Water content
- lungs when we breathe out
- skin when we sweat
- kidneys in the urine
- lungs when we breathe out
- Ion content
- skin when we sweat
- kidneys in urine
- skin when we sweat
- Temperature
- brain keeps our body at 37 degrees
- brain keeps our body at 37 degrees
- Blood sugar levels
- via insulin
- diabetes
- when your body
cannot produce
enough insulin to tell
your body to reduce
glucose
- Pancreas - controls the use of 2 hormones
- Insulin - hormone secreted by the pancreas
- Causes liver
to remove
any glucose
not needed
after
digestion
- Causes liver
to remove
any glucose
not needed
after
digestion
- Glycogen - the liver
converts soluble glucose
into glycogen to store
- Glucagon - second hormone secreted by the pancreas
- tells the liver to convert glycogen back
into glucose for use in respiration
- tells the liver to convert glycogen back
into glucose for use in respiration
- Pancreas - controls the use of 2 hormones
- when your body
cannot produce
enough insulin to tell
your body to reduce
glucose
- diabetes
- via insulin
- Water content
- Hormones
- Menstrual cycle
- Plant hormones
- a hormone is a chemical
messenger secreted by a gland
carried to the effector cell by the
blood
- Menstrual cycle
Möchten Sie kostenlos Ihre eigenen Mindmaps mit GoConqr erstellen? Mehr erfahren.