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B4 The Processes of Life
- Cells
- Animal Cells
- Cytoplasm
- Where most chemical
reactions take place,
including anaerobic
respiration, the production
of enzymes and other
proteins
- Where most chemical
reactions take place,
including anaerobic
respiration, the production
of enzymes and other
proteins
- Mitochondria
- Contain the enzymes
needed for aerobic
respiration
- Contain the enzymes
needed for aerobic
respiration
- Nucleus
- Contains the DNA that
carries the genetic code
for making enzymes
and other proteins used
in all chemical reactions
in the cell
- Contains the DNA that
carries the genetic code
for making enzymes
and other proteins used
in all chemical reactions
in the cell
- Cell Membrane
- Allows chemicals like
gases and water to pass in
and out freely, but prevents
other chemicals from
leaving or entering the cell
- Allows chemicals like
gases and water to pass in
and out freely, but prevents
other chemicals from
leaving or entering the cell
- Cytoplasm
- Plant Cells
- Cell wall
- Made of cellulose to
strengthen the cell
- Made of cellulose to
strengthen the cell
- Permanent Vacuole
- Helps support the cell
- Helps support the cell
- Chloroplasts
- Contain the green pigment,
chlorophyll (which absorbs light
energy), and some enzymes
needed for photosynthesis
- Contain the green pigment,
chlorophyll (which absorbs light
energy), and some enzymes
needed for photosynthesis
- Cell wall
- Microbial Cells
- Bacteria
- Cytoplasm
- Where proteins, including
enzymes used in aerobic and
anaerobic respiration, are
made.
- Where proteins, including
enzymes used in aerobic and
anaerobic respiration, are
made.
- Circular DNA
- The DNA floats freely
int the cytoplasm.
- The DNA floats freely
int the cytoplasm.
- Cell Membrane
- Allows gasses and water to enter and
leave the cell freely while acting as a
barrier to other larger chemicals
- Allows gasses and water to enter and
leave the cell freely while acting as a
barrier to other larger chemicals
- Cell Wall
- Gives strength to the bacterial
cell
- Gives strength to the bacterial
cell
- Cytoplasm
- Yeast cells
- cell wall
- Gives the yeast cell
strength
- Gives the yeast cell
strength
- Nucleus
- Contains DNA that carries
the genetic code for making
the enzymes needed in
respiration
- Contains DNA that carries
the genetic code for making
the enzymes needed in
respiration
- Cytoplasm
- Where proteins including
enzymes used in anaerobic
respiration are amde
- Where proteins including
enzymes used in anaerobic
respiration are amde
- Mitochondria
- Where aerobic
respiration occurs
- Where aerobic
respiration occurs
- cell wall
- Bacteria
- Animal Cells
- Enzymes
- These are proteins which speed up the rate
of chemical reactions.Cells produce
enzymes according to the instructions
carried in genes
- Enzymes need a specific temperature to work
at their optimum. At low temperatures, small
increases in temperature cause an increase in
the frequency
- After the optimum
enzyme activity is
reached, the
enzymes start to
get damaged, so
the reaction slows
- Eventually the enzymes structure is
permanently destroyed and it stops working, the
enzymes has become denatured
- Eventually the enzymes structure is
permanently destroyed and it stops working, the
enzymes has become denatured
- After the optimum
enzyme activity is
reached, the
enzymes start to
get damaged, so
the reaction slows
- Enzymes need a specific temperature to work
at their optimum. At low temperatures, small
increases in temperature cause an increase in
the frequency
- Lock and Key model
- These are proteins which speed up the rate
of chemical reactions.Cells produce
enzymes according to the instructions
carried in genes
- Respiration
- Aerobic Respiration
- Aerobic respiration needs
oxygen and occurs in
animal cells, plant cells
and many microbial cells.
- C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O+Energy/ATP
- Aerobic respiration needs
oxygen and occurs in
animal cells, plant cells
and many microbial cells.
- Anaerobic Respiration
- Anaerobic respiration occurs in conditions of
very low oxygen or where no oxygen is
present.
- Animal
- Glucose=Lactic Acid+Energy/ATP
- Glucose=Lactic Acid+Energy/ATP
- Animal
- Plant + Yeast
- Glucose=Carbon Dioxide+Ethanol+Energy/ATP
- Glucose=Carbon Dioxide+Ethanol+Energy/ATP
- Anaerobic respiration occurs in conditions of
very low oxygen or where no oxygen is
present.
- Aerobic Respiration
- Molecule Synthesis
- Glucose, produced in
photosynthesis in plants, can build
up into a polymer as cellulose (for
building cell walls) or as starch ( stored in roots).
- Glucose nitrates can be joined to
make larger molecules of amino acids.
In turn, amino acids can be joined
together to make proteins.
- Glucose, produced in
photosynthesis in plants, can build
up into a polymer as cellulose (for
building cell walls) or as starch ( stored in roots).
- Photosynthesis
- 1). Light energy is absorbed by
chlorophyll in green plants
- 2). Within the chlorophyll molecule, the
light energy is used to rearrange the
atoms of carbon.
- 3). oxygen is produced as a
waste product.
- 3). oxygen is produced as a
waste product.
- 2). Within the chlorophyll molecule, the
light energy is used to rearrange the
atoms of carbon.
- Carbon dioxide+water+light energy/chlorophyll=
glucose+ oxygen
- 6CO2+6H2O+light energy/chlorophyll=C6H12O6+6O2
- 6CO2+6H2O+light energy/chlorophyll=C6H12O6+6O2
- Limiting Factors
- Temperature, as it rises so does
photosynthesis but at 45 degrees the
enzymes denature
- Carbon dioxide concentration; the rise in carbon
dioxide makes photosynthesis rise until it get to
such a concentration where it stops.
- Light intensity is the same as Carbon
dioxide, more is better but it reaches a point
where the plant can only photosynthesis a
certain amount.
- Light intensity is the same as Carbon
dioxide, more is better but it reaches a point
where the plant can only photosynthesis a
certain amount.
- Temperature, as it rises so does
photosynthesis but at 45 degrees the
enzymes denature
- 1). Light energy is absorbed by
chlorophyll in green plants
- Diffusion
- Diffusion is overall movement of substances from
the regions of high concentration, to regions of
low concentration.
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged in the leaf by diffusion of the
gases in and out.
- Substance that move in and out of cells
by diffusion include oxygen, carbon
dioxide and dissolved food.
- Substance that move in and out of cells
by diffusion include oxygen, carbon
dioxide and dissolved food.
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged in the leaf by diffusion of the
gases in and out.
- Diffusion is overall movement of substances from
the regions of high concentration, to regions of
low concentration.
- Active Transport
- Some chemicals can be moved by
active transport. This is the
movement of a substance against a
concentration gradient, it requires
respiration.
- Some chemicals can be moved by
active transport. This is the
movement of a substance against a
concentration gradient, it requires
respiration.
- Osmosis
- osmosis is a type of diffusion. It's the
overall movement of water from a dilute
solution to a more concentrated solution.
- Happens through a Partially
permeable membrane.
- Happens through a Partially
permeable membrane.
- osmosis is a type of diffusion. It's the
overall movement of water from a dilute
solution to a more concentrated solution.
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