PBL case 1 (I think I'm pregnant)

mid to late pregnancy
1. prenatal tests
  1. invasive
    1. amniocentecis
    2. chorionic villi sampling
  2. non invasive
    1. blood test
    2. ultrasound
    3. cfDNA
2. fetus
  1. quickening
    1. 18-20 weeks
  2. fetal heartbeat
    1. 120-160 bpm
    2. can be measured 6th week
3. hemoglobin level
  1. normal for pregnant
    1. 11.5-15 gm/dl
after delivery
1. importance of brestfeeding
  1. for the infant reduces
    1. otitis media infection
    2. gastroentritis
    3. diarrhea
    4. asthma
    5. severe lower respiratory tract infections
  2. for the mother reduces
    1. breast cancer
    2. ovarian cancer
2. routine investigations
  1. Breathing and heart rate monitor
  2. Fluid input and output
  3. Blood tests
  4. Echocardiogram
  5. Ultrasound scan
  6. Eye exam
3. vaccinations
4. physical examinaation
  1. head shape
  2. ears and eyes
    1. red reflex
    2. hearing test
  3. mouth (palate)
  4. heart beats
  5. lungs
    1. breathing pattern
  6. genetiles
    1. undescended testes
  7. skin (birth marks)
  8. spine
  9. hips (dislocation)
  10. apgar score
medications
1. affect pregnancy
  1. ibuprofen
2. disrupt period
  1. medications that prevent pregnancy
    1. monophasic 21 day pills
3. safe medications
  1. Acetaminophen (Panadol)
  2. cold and flue medications (nasal sprays
beginning of pregnancy
1. cases similar to pregnancy
  1. thyroid irregularity
  2. polycystic ovary syndrome
  3. birth control medications
  4. amenorrhea
    1. 1ry
      1. genetic problem, hypothalamic problem
    2. 2ndry
      1. natural
        breastfeeding or pregnancy
      2. medications
        birth controls, antidepressants, BP medications
2. signs of pregnancy
  1. tender breasts
  2. softening of the uterus
  3. dark bluish vagina
  4. urinary frequency
  5. constapation
3. symptoms of pregnancy
  1. nausea and vomiting
  2. absence of menstruation
  3. ankle swelling
  4. fatigue
  5. food cravings
4. calculating EDD
  1. step 1: determining first day of LMP
  2. step 2:Counting back 3 months from that day
  3. step 3: add 1 year and 7 days to that date
5. Questions and tests
  1. history taking
    1. lmp
    2. past medical history
    3. genetic screening
  2. physical examination
    1. vital signs
      1. BP: normal fall during the 2nd trimster and then returns back to normal in 3rd tri
      2. Pulse: 60- 90 beast
      3. breaths: 16-24/min
    2. abdominal examination (enlarged uterus)
    3. pelvic examination (cervical examination)
    4. BMI
      1. for normal weight (11-16 Kg)
  3. testing hormones (blood, urine)
    1. secretion due to pregnancy
      1. HCG & HCS
      2. oxytosin & relaxin
      3. Prolactin
      4. progesterone and estrogen
    2. altered levels due to pregnancy
      1. thyroid
      2. erthropoiten
Ectopic pregnancy
1. common site (ampullary mid portion of the fallopian tube
dangerous habits
1. smoking
  1. increases baby's heart rate
  2. lowers the amount of oxygen for both
  3. increases chances of miscarriage and still birth
  4. risk for the baby developing RT problems
  5. risk of birth defects
2. Alcohol
  1. fetal alcohol syndrome
  2. heart defects
  3. poor growth
  4. poor muscle tone
  5. behavioral problems

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PBL case 1 (I think I'm pregnant)

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	Erstellt von Abrar Alsayed vor fast 8 Jahre