Policy in Modern Age

Form of state
1. Authoritarian Monarchy
Instruments of royal power
1. Territorial unification
  1. by marriage
2. The monarch controlled the state´s power
  1. Boureocracy
3. Improved administration
4. Creation of a permanent army
5. International relations
Geographical discovery
1. Cristobal Columbus discovered America in 1492
  1. Different routes that he made
  2. Boats that he used to do his expedition on the 1492
  3. How was he?
Protestant reformation
Spanish monarchs
1. Ferdinand & Isabella
  1. unified the Peninsular territories
  2. How were they?
2. Charls I
  1. he inherited the Spanish territories
  2. How was he?
English monarchs
1. Henry VII
  1. he dominated the nobility
2. Henry VIII
3. How was Henry VII?
4. How was Henry VIII?
French monarchs
1. Louis XI
  1. Valois ruler
  2. Influence on
    1. The Dukes of Aquitaine
    2. The Dukes of Britain
    3. The Dukes of Bulgary
2. How was he?
MODERN AGE
1. Demographic grown
  1. The harvests improved
  2. Wipe out the plague
  3. Relative peace
    1. There were wars but less tan before
  4. Population increase was slow
    1. Infectious diseases
    2. lack of hygiene
    3. Limited development in medical care
2. Economic growth
  1. Agrarian activities
  2. Trade
    1. America
      1. New products
        Tabacco
        Wood
        Coffee
    2. Mediterranean trade
  3. Merchantile capitalism
    1. Banks were created
      1. They were an easier system
  4. Handicrafts
    1. Guilds
    2. Homeworking
      1. Businesspeople provided the peasantry with raw materials and tolos
        So, they worked at home
3. Society
  1. Monarchs had more power
  2. Bourgeoisie
    1. Grew
      1. Thanks to
        The trasoceantic trade
        The banks
        The business dealings
    2. They had their own social status
  3. Peasantry
    1. Lving conditions
      1. Improved in Western Europe
        They were freed from servitude
        They worked on their own land
        They received a wage if they worked on nobility´s land
        Because they had more money as they discovered America
4. Discoveries
  1. Ideological causes
    1. thirst of
      1. wealthy
      2. adventure
      3. fame
    2. Check the veracity of ancient texts
  2. Religious causes
    1. alliances were created
    2. Try to find the Christian kingdom called Prester John
    3. Spread Christianity to new lands
  3. Technological causes
    1. Compass
    2. Astrolabe
    3. Development of cartography
    4. New types of ships
      1. caravel
      2. carrack
  4. Economic causes
    1. Obtain new products
      1. luxury products
    2. New route
      1. To India and China
      2. America
  5. Political causes
    1. Conquered new territories
    2. Acquired
      1. gold & silver
      2. Personal glory
  6. Scientific causes
    1. They discovered
      1. The Earth iwas round
      2. It was smaller tan expected
5. IT BEGAN AFTER THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE
  1. 1453
6. iMPORTANT CULTURAL MOVEMENT
  1. HUMANISM
7. REFORMATIONS
  1. CAUSES
    1. Disdain for the papacy and clergy
      1. Use the money they obtained for their own beneficts
      2. Bishops lived a luxury life and didn't reside in their diocesis
    2. The abuses of the Church
      1. Nicolaism
      2. Nepotism
      3. Simony
      4. Citizens had to pay to obtain their pardon and to go to heaven
  2. TYPES OF REFORMATIONS
    1. The Lutheran Reformation
      1. Reformer
        Martin Luther
        He created 95 theses (1517)
        Against the sale of indulgences and other aspects of Catholicism
      2. Lutheranism
        Justification by faith & free interpretation of the Bible
      3. Began in Germany
    2. Against The Catholic Church
    3. The Calvinist Reformation
      1. Reformer
        john Calvin
      2. Began in Switzerland
      3. They belief in predestination
    4. The Anglican Reformation
      1. Began in England
      2. Reformer
        Henry VIII
        Head of the Anglican Church
        Because of the pope rejected his divorce
  3. The Catholic Counter-Reformatipn
    1. Created in respond to the protestantism
    2. The Council of Trent
      1. 1545-1563
    3. The Society of Jesus
      1. They supported it

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Policy in Modern Age

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