Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Fatima's Soft Bones
- Anatomy
- Bones
- Ligaments
- Muscles
- Nerves
- Blood Supply
- Joint
- Bone Pain
- Causes
- Bone tumor
- Bone infection
- Leukemia
- Hypercalcemia
- Rickets
- osteomalacia
- Paget disease
- Osteoporosis
- Definition
- A term denoting increased porosity of the skeleton and
increased bone fragility due to reduction in bone mass
- Types
- Localized osteoporosis
- e.g. disuse osteoporosis in a limb
- Generalized osteoporosis
- Primary
- Senile
- Postmenopausal
- secondary
- Pathogenesis
- Decrease in total bone
mass and density.
- Clinical Features
- asymptomatic
- Bone pain
- Loss in height
- Instability of vertebral column
- Investigations
- Complete Blood Count
- Serum Electrolyte Test
- Blood Sugar Test
- Thyroid Hormone Test
- Screening Test
- BMD
- FRAX
- Ultrasound
- Radiology
- Bone X-ray
- CT-Scan of the spine
- MRI of the spine
- Risk Factors
- Alcohol use
- Corticosteroid use
- Family history
- Calcium and vitamin D levels
- Lifestyle factors
- Management
- Pharmacological
- Bisphosphonates
- Selective estrogen receptor modulators
- Calcitonin
- Denosumab
- Teriparatide
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Nutrition therapy
- Physiotherapy
- Fractures
- Types
- Non-vertebral Fractures
- Hip Fracture
- Definition
- It is a common injury in older women
with underlying 'thinning' of the bones
- Types
- Intracapsular
- Extracapsula
- Clinical Findings
- Severe pain
- Immobility
- External rotation
- Shorter leg
- Stiffness
- bruising and swelling
- Complications
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Post-operative infection
- Fracture non-union
- Blood loss
- Physical Examination
- Inspection
- Palpation
- Movements
- Special tests
- Thomas’ test
- Trendelenburg test
- Vertebral Fractures