Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Swelling in the leg
- Possible causes
- Vascular
- Inflammation
- Neoplasia
- bone
- malignant
- osteosarcoma
- benign
- osteoma
- osteoid osteoma
- osteoblastoma
- cartilage
- benign
- osteochondroma
- enchondroma
- malignant
- chondrosarcoma
- osteochondromatosis
- miscellaneous
- Ewing's sarcoma
- Giant cell tumour of bone
- Degenerative
- osteoarthritis
- Iatrogenic
- Congenital
- Autoimmune
- rheumatoid arthritis
- Trauma
- fracture
- Endocrine
- osteoporosis
- Anatomy
- The popliteal region
- bony landmarks
- borders
- contents
- The thigh
- anterior
compartment
- middle
compartment
- posterior
compartment
- osteosarcoma
- definition
- malignant tumor of mesenchymal cells characterized by direct formation
of osteoid or bone matrix by the tumor cells (Osteogenic sarcoma).
- aetiology
- somatic or acquired gene changes
- TP53 tumor suppressor gene
- Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor
- Age, growth and height, ethnicity, genetic and familial factors
- germline or inherited mutations
- types
- primary:due to an abnormality in bone development
secondary:due to another condition
- intramedullary/juxtacortical/extraskeletal
- signs and symptoms
- Pain in a bone or joint that gets worse
over time, especially if the pain
interferes with sleep
- a noticeable mass or lump in an arm or leg
- painless swelling
- Back pain or a loss of bowel or bladder
control(if the tutor is in the pelvis or at the
base of the spine)
- a broken bone with no injury to explain how it occurred
- Stiffness or swelling of joints
- Investigations
- laboratory tests
- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
- Tumour markers
- Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
- CBC
- Imaging
- X-rays/MRI/CT scan/
Radioisotopes scan
- Biopsy
- needle
- core needle
- fine needle aspiration
- surgical
- incisional
- excisional
- clinical features
- pathological fracture
- codman triangle
- skip lesions
- sunburst appearance
- pulmonary metastasis
- mass
- complications
- pulmonary metastasis
- orbital mass
- anemia
- treatment
- surgery
- limb-salvage
- removing the cancer and some surrounding normal tissue but leaving the limb basically intact
- amputation
- removing the cancer and all or part of an arm or leg
- socioeconomic
- Problems with acquiring status in a society, finding a job, etc.
- Feelings of revulsion by family and society.
- psychology
- Anxiety, depression
- PTSD
- Phantom limb pain
- appearance(poor body image)
- chemotherapy
- radiation therapy
(in certain cases)
- Pathophysiology
- Osteosarcoma starts at the primitive mesenchymal cells, a defect in genes
will cause it to become a cancerous cell that is marked by its production of
osteoid
- tumor cells produce osteoid describing irregular trabeculae
—tumor bone. Tumor cells are included in the osteoid matrix.
- osteosarcoma cells act like osteoblastic cells,as they also make
bone matrix but it is not as strong as the normal healthy one.
- It is mostly local and affects metaphysis of long bones
- The tumor is large, bulky, and is fading away.It Contains necrosis. New bone
formation starts at the subperiosteal space and radiates from the central mass
- It is a rapidly and aggressively growing tumor. It invades the medullary cavity inward.
Destroys the cortex outwards, plus it invades close soft tissue
- It does not invade epiphyseal cartilage.
- Hematogenous, direct spread to lungs, other bones , brain, and liver