Wk 7 - Applied Microbiology and Haemotology

Select two reasons for preventing microbes from getting into food.

Select Five ways how could microbes contaminate food

How does fermentation preserve food?

List Five relevant boxes to pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites that can cause illness through food or water

Norovirus, Astrovirus and Entrovirus (Echovirus) are types of parasitic foodborne diseases

Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter infection, Salmonella spp. Vibrio cholera & Vibrio parahaemolyticus are types of Bacterial foodborne diseases

Why does spoilage of food appear rapid when the microbes are on the food for long periods before the appearance of spoilage?

List Two uses for microbes in the industry.

List Five reasons for treating waste water.

What is B.O.D?

Why is Biochemical Oxygen Demand important?

What is the main process in secondary sewage treatment?

Give 3 uses for Bacteriophage

What are the advantages of using HIV as a vector for gene therapy?

Name 5 different areas of study within the field of Haematology

What is Anaemia?

Explain what is meant by the term Leukaemia.

What is Haemopoiesis?

What is Erythropoiesis?

What is the correct term for a decrease in neutrophils?

Where does Haemopoiesis occur? Select Two answers

Describe the shape of a RBC. Why do RBCs have this shape? Select Two answers

Discuss the significance of the RBC membrane.

List 3 Granulocytes that can be found in peripheral blood.

List each of the 5 WBC types found in peripheral blood

Neutrophils are the most common type of WBC and have

Eosinophils have

Basophils have

Lymphocytes have a

Monocytes are the largest WBC and have a

Select type of WBC

Select type of WBC

Select type of WBC

Select type of WBC

Select type of WBC

What is the term used to describe variation in RBS size?

Select the correct definition of Elliptocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)

Select the correct definition of Ovalocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)

Select the correct definition of Codocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)

Select the correct definition of Spherocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)

Select the correct definition of Schistocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)

Select the correct definition of Drepanocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)

Select the correct definition of Acanthocytes (burr cells) (RBC Poikilocytosis)

Select the correct definition of Dacrocytes (teardrop cells) (RBC Poikilocytosis)

Select the correct definition of Stomatocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)

Select the correct definition of Echinocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)

What is Polychromasia and what may it indicate?

What physiological processes do platelets have a role in?

What does the term “Thrombocytopaenia” mean?

What is the term for an increased number of Lymphocytes in the peripheral blood?

Either of 2 principles can be used in Automated Cell Counting machines. What are these 2 principles?

What blood cells can be manually counted using a Haemocytometer? (Can the chamber also be used to count anything else besides blood cells?)

Different areas of a counting chamber are used for counting different types of blood cells. What areas are used for a manual WCC?

Explain why WBC types should always be reported as Absolute Number and not Relative numbers following a Diff.

How do autoimmune diseases occur?

Describe the difference between passive and active vaccination.

What does MHC stand for?

What is the purpose of MHC?

Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response and Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms

Innate immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response and Adaptive immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms

....refers to antigen-specific immune response. The adaptive immune response is more complex than the innate. The antigen first must be processed and recognized. Once an antigen has been recognized, the adaptive immune system creates an army of immune cells specifically designed to attack that antigen. Adaptive immunity also includes a "memory" that makes future responses against a specific antigen more efficient.

B Cells ....

Memory B cells are derived from B cells. They are immune specific towards a certain bacterium or virus.

Plasma cells are derived from B cells. They enlarge and secrete large amounts of antibodies.

The Humoral response: [blank_start]4.[blank_end] B cells produce memory cells. Memory cells provide future immunity. [blank_start]1.[blank_end] Antigens bind to B cells. [blank_start]3.[blank_end] B cells proliferate and produce plasma cells. The plasma cells bear antibodies with the identical antigen specificity as the antigen receptors of the activated B cells. The antibodies are released and circulate through the body, binding to antigens. [blank_start]2.[blank_end] Interleukins or helper T cells costimulate B cells. In most cases, both an antigen and a costimulator are required to activate a B cell and initiate B cell proliferation.

A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.

When a Macrophage engulfs a Pathogen, it becomes a

Helper T cells recognize Antigen Presenting Cells and helps to stimulate B cells to divide into Plasma cells

Helper B cells recognize Antigen Presenting Cells and helps to stimulate B cells to divide into Plasma cells

Memory helper T cells are a part of the Memory bank which help to attack and destroy the same pathogen if it was to return again.

[blank_start]T[blank_end] Cells are produced in the [blank_start]Thymus[blank_end], once they have matured they are sent to the [blank_start]Spleen[blank_end] or to circulate around the [blank_start]Lymph[blank_end] system.

A Cytotoxic T cell (killer T cell) is a type of immune cell that can kill certain cells, including foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus.

A cell‐mediated response involves mostly T cells and responds to any cell that displays aberrant MHC markers, including cells invaded by pathogens, tumor cells, or transplanted cells.

The cell‐mediated response involves mostly [blank_start]T[blank_end] cells

The humoral response (or antibody‐mediated response) involves mainly [blank_start]B[blank_end] cells

Select the different types of T cells.

Poikilocytes are abnormally shaped red blood cells