Neuropathology II - Demyelination & Dementia

What is the most common demyelinating disease? [blank_start]Multiple Sclerosis[blank_end]

Multiple sclerosis is more prevalent in women than men

The peak incidence for diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis is ...

The demyelination associated with MS is best seen on which type of brain scan?

Demyelinating plaques in MS typically affect the ...

What type of tumour tend to typically arise at the cerebellopontine angle? [blank_start]Vestibular schwannoma[blank_end]

One way of diagnosing MS is via lumbar puncture looking for oligoclonal [blank_start]IgG[blank_end] bands in the CSF

Dementia occasionally occurs as part of the natural ageing process and is not considered pathological.

What is the most common subtype of dementia?

Alzheimer's Disease affects 2x more women than men

Alzheimer's Disease has a higher incidence in Trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome) patients

One of the mot prominent macroscopic features of Alzheimer's Disease is the cortical atrophy. Which 3 lobes tend to be most heavily affected by this?

Looking at the slices shown here, which of the brains is most likely to have had Alzheimer's Disease?

Neurofibrillary tangles are typical of Alzheimer's Disease. They typically occur in the [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] lobe and [blank_start]hippocampus[blank_end] (memory centre) and are associated with the [blank_start]Tau[blank_end] protein.

Alzheimer's Disease patients also show Neuritic Plaques in the brains. These are plaques surrounding astrocytes and microglia, composed of what type of amyloid?

The reason Alzheimer's is more prevalent in Down's Syndrome is due to the fact that the protein cleaved to form amyloid beta peptide is on the 21st chromosome. Having three of these makes accumulation of beta amyloid more probable.

Amyloid beta protein is formed by the cleavage of ...

In terms of histology, which stain is used to best identify beta amyloid peptides, thus aiding a diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease?

Which 3 of the following symptoms are important in differentiating Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer's Disease?

Parkinsonism usually occurs due to damage to which part of the basal ganglia? [blank_start]Substantia Nigra[blank_end]

Which type of dementia is also due to degeneration of the substantia nigra?

Which two of the following proteins tend to accumulate in Dementia with Lewy Bodies?

The gene known to cause the autosomal dominant Huntington's disease is called [blank_start]Huntingtin[blank_end]

Huntington's disease typically causes the greatest extent of atrophy in which of the following basal ganglia structures?

Pick's Disease is also known as ...

Which of the 3 following symptoms are most common in Fronto-Temporal Dementia

The inability to recognise objects seen as part of Alzheimer's Disease is known as [blank_start]Agnosia[blank_end]

Two or more of the following symptoms is diagnostic of which type of dementia? Visual hallucinations Fluctuating cognition (delirium-like) REM sleep behaviour disorder Parkinsonism (not more than 1 year prior to onset of dementia) Positive DAT scan

What is the first line scanning modality for someone suspected of dementia?

Which imaging modality is most useful for frontotemporal dementia?

Which imaging modality is most useful for clarifying Parkinsons Plus Syndromes such as Dementia with Lewy Bodies?

A 86 year old woman presents to her GP which her daughter, who complains that her mother has had progressive memory loss over the past 3 months. Her mother also complains that she has been seeing spiders crawling up the walls of her apartment and has recently developed a tremor in her hands. What type of dementia is she likely to have?

What is the first line medical treatment for Alzheimer's Disease?

Which of the below mentioned drugs is an example of a Cholinesterase Inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer's Disease?

If an Alzheimer's/DLB patient fails on Anticholiniergics, or diagnosed with moderate/severe dementia, what drug should they be prescribed? [blank_start]Memantine[blank_end]

It is not mandatory to report a dementia diagnosis to the DVLA

In terms of memory loss: [blank_start]Anterograde Amnesia[blank_end] - difficulty in acquiring new material and remembering events since the onset of the illness or injury. [blank_start]Retrograde Amnesia[blank_end] - difficulty in remembering information prior to the onset of the illness or injury

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is a fatal degenerative brain disorder. It causes memory loss, visual disturbances, blindness and is believed to be caused by the protein [blank_start]Prion[blank_end]

A 67 year old women on Ward 2 of Ninewells, admitted for a UTI, has a 3 day history of memory loss and fluctuating cognition. She is not orientated to time or place. It is likely she is suffering from [blank_start]Delirium[blank_end]

Visual hallucinations are common in [blank_start]Delirium[blank_end]