Intro To Haematology & Normal Red Cells

Between months 3-7 of pregnancy, the foetus uses which organ to conduct haematopoiesis? The [blank_start]Spleen[blank_end]

A Multipotent Haematopoietic Stem Cell (Hemocystblast) can differentiate to form two types of common progenitor stem cells: The Common [blank_start]Myeloid[blank_end] Progenitor, which goes on to form such cells as neutrophils, basophils and erythrocytes. The Common [blank_start]Lymphoid[blank_end] Progenitor, which goes on to form such cells as natural killer cells, B cells and T cells.

An erythrocyte is another term for a [blank_start]red blood cell[blank_end]. Erythrocytes arise from Common [blank_start]Myeloid[blank_end] Progenitor Cells

During erythropoiesis, the late normoblast matures by losing which of its internal structures? Its [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end]

Immature, non-nucleated red blood cells are called [blank_start]reticulocytes[blank_end]

A [blank_start]megakaryocyte[blank_end] is a large bone marrow cell with a lobulated nucleus which is responsible for the production of platelets

Megakaryocytes (and thus platelets) arise from common [blank_start]myeloid[blank_end] progenitor cells.

Name the three types of granulocytes in alphabetical order [blank_start]Basophils[blank_end] [blank_start]Eosinophils[blank_end] [blank_start]Neutrophils[blank_end]

[blank_start]Neutrophils[blank_end] - Granulocytes with polymorphic (multiple) nuclei [blank_start]Eosinophils[blank_end] - Granulocytes with bi-lobed nucleus [blank_start]Basophils[blank_end] - Granulocytes with large deep purple granules obscuring the nucleus

Name the granulocytes.

What is this cell type? Hint: Note the vacuoles.

Monocytes circulate in the blood for around a week before entering tissues to become [blank_start]macrophages[blank_end]

Which bony aspect of the hip is the most common site for bone marrow aspiration? The [blank_start]posterior iliac crest[blank_end]

Which aspect of the iliac crests, anterior or posterior, is the most common site for bone marrow aspiration? The [blank_start]Posterior[blank_end] Iliac Crests

A bone marrow biopsy is also commonly called a [blank_start]trephine[blank_end] biopsy due to the surgical instrument used to conduct the procedure, which has a cylindrical saw used for removing a disk of bone.

Red blood cells have large, single nuclei.

Adult Haemoglobin consists of two [blank_start]alpha[blank_end] chains and two [blank_start]beta[blank_end] chains

Foetal Haemoglobin consists of two [blank_start]alpha[blank_end] chains and two [blank_start]gamma[blank_end] chains

[blank_start]Gamma[blank_end] chains allow a higher affinity for oxygen as they do not interact as well with 2,3-DPG

[blank_start]Fe3+[blank_end] = Oxidised form of iron [blank_start]Fe2+[blank_end] = Reduced (non-oxidised) form of Iron

The form of iron that exists in the Heme group is the [blank_start]non-oxidised[blank_end] [blank_start]Fe2+[blank_end] form

Red Blood Cell destruction occurs in which organ? The [blank_start]Spleen[blank_end]

The heme group of the red blood cell is broken down by the spleen into Iron and [blank_start]Bilirubin[blank_end]

Which organ conjugates bilirubin? The [blank_start]Liver[blank_end]

Bilirubin is excreted within which substance, which gives colour to both urine and faeces? The [blank_start]Bile[blank_end]

Heme breakdown pathway: Heme --> [blank_start]Porphyrin[blank_end] --> [blank_start]Biliverdin[blank_end] --> [blank_start]Unconjugated Bilirubin[blank_end]

Which hormone regulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow to mature red blood cells? [blank_start]Erythropoietin[blank_end]

Erythropoietin is produced mainly in the [blank_start]kidneys[blank_end]

Methemoglobin is the non-oxygen carrying type of haemoglobin in which the heme groups contains the [blank_start]oxidised[blank_end] [blank_start]Fe3+[blank_end]

Superoxide to Hydrogen Peroxide is regulated by which enzyme? [blank_start]Superoxide Dismutase[blank_end]

Which antioxidant reacts with Hydrogen Peroxide to form water, in order to protect us against the free radical? [blank_start]Glutathione[blank_end]

CO2 Transport: 10% [blank_start]Dissolved in solution[blank_end] 30% [blank_start]Bound directly to Hb[blank_end] 60% [blank_start]Travels as Bicarbonate[blank_end]

[blank_start]Myoglobin[blank_end] follows Michaelis-Menten Kinetics [blank_start]Haemoglobin[blank_end] DOES NOT follow Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

The product of the Rapapoport-Lubering Shunt is ...

As 2,3-DPG concentration increases, the rate of oxygen dissociation [blank_start]increases[blank_end] as the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen [blank_start]decreases[blank_end].

The causes of a right shift to the Oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve: [blank_start]Increase[blank_end] in CO2 concentration [blank_start]Decrease[blank_end] in pH [blank_start]Increase[blank_end] in 2,3-DPG concentration [blank_start]Increase[blank_end] in Exercise [blank_start]Increase[blank_end] in Temperature

Glutathione is replenished by which chemical? Hint: It is a normal part of glycolysis [blank_start]NADPH[blank_end]