Malignant Haematology

[blank_start]Acute Leukaemia[blank_end] = Proliferation of abnormal progenitors with a block in differentiation/maturation [blank_start]Chronic Leukaemia[blank_end] = Proliferation of abnormal progenitors without a block in differentiation/maturation

Type of mutation: [blank_start]Driver mutation[blank_end] = a mutation that gives a selective advantage to a clone in its microenvironment, through either increasing its survival or reproduction. Driver mutations tend to cause monoclonal expansions. [blank_start]Passenger mutation[blank_end] = a mutation that has no effect on the fitness of a clone but may be associated with a clonal expansion because it occurs in the same genome with a driver mutation. This is known as a hitchhiker in evolutionary biology.

Normal haemopoiesis is [blank_start]polyclonal[blank_end], whereas malignant haemopoiesis is usually [blank_start]monoclonal[blank_end] (due to [blank_start]driver[blank_end] mutations)

Types of Haem Malignancies: Blood involvement = [blank_start]Leukaemia[blank_end] Lymph node involvement = [blank_start]Lymphoma[blank_end]

Which haematological malignancy is odd in that it can involve both blood and lymph nodes? [blank_start]Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia[blank_end]

Acute leukaemias are [blank_start]more[blank_end] aggressive than Chronic leukaemias

[blank_start]Acute leukaemias[blank_end] present with failure of the bone marrow [blank_start]Chronic leukaemias[blank_end] do not present with failure of the bone marrow

A malignancy of the Plasma Cells is known as a [blank_start]Myeloma[blank_end]

The malignant cell in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia is the [blank_start]Myeloblast[blank_end]

Acute Leukaemia is defined as an excess of blasts in either the peripheral blood or the bone marrow. What constitutes 'an excess of blasts'

Which type of leukaemia is the most common childhood cancer? [blank_start]Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia[blank_end]

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia is a malignant disease of which cells? [blank_start]Lymphoblasts[blank_end]

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia is more common in the elderly population

The presence of Auer Rods on blood film indicates which malignant disease? [blank_start]Acute Myeloid Leukaemia[blank_end]

Bone marrow sampling should be conducted in those whose blood film indicates acute leukaemia. Which of the following should be conducted on the tissue collected from this biopsy?

Which of the following investigations provides a definitive diagnosis of either AML or ALL?

Treatment of Acute Leukaemias: [blank_start]Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia[blank_end] = Different phases of treatment of varying intensity, can last up to 2-3 years to clear malignancy. [blank_start]Acute Myeloid Leukaemia[blank_end] = Intensive therapy; 2-4 cycles of chemotherapy , each consisting of 5-10 days of chemo followed by 2-4 weeks of recovery)

One of the main problems with bone marrow suppression by chemotherapy is a deficiency in which type of cell, make the individual more liable to infection?

A patient currently receiving Chemotherapy treatment for Acute Myeloid Leukaemia develops a chest infection. You are worried he may be becoming septic. The causative organism of this infection is likely to be gram [blank_start]negative[blank_end] in nature

Patients with Acute Leukaemia tend to present with diffuse purpura, due to an induced [blank_start]thrombocytopenia[blank_end]

The purpura seen in acute leukaemia patients occurs due to a defect in [blank_start]primary[blank_end] haemostasis

A patient with a neutropenic fever has been given gram negative covering antibiotics which they have not responded to. If the causative organism is not bacterial in nature, it is most likely to be [blank_start]fungal[blank_end].

One of the main genetic defects associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia is what is known as the [blank_start]Philadelphia[blank_end] chromosome

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia: Protein = [blank_start]bcr-abl overexpression[blank_end] Translocation = [blank_start]Between Chromosomes 9 and 22[blank_end] Burkitt's Lymphoma: Protein = [blank_start]c-myc overexpression[blank_end] Translocation = [blank_start]Between Chromosomes 8 and 14[blank_end] Follicular Lymphoma: Protein = [blank_start]bcl-2 overexpression[blank_end] Translocation = [blank_start]Between Chromosomes 14 and 18[blank_end]

The most common type of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma is a [blank_start]Follicular[blank_end] Lymphoma

What is the FIRST LINE treatment of a CML causing exceptionally high white cells and platelets?

Along with anaemia and hypercalcaemia, Multiple Myeloma patients typically have a [blank_start]raised[blank_end] ESR