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Pharmaceutics Drug degradation

Beschreibung

Pharmaceutics Exam 1 Quiz am Pharmaceutics Drug degradation, erstellt von jacosta08 am 10/02/2015.
jacosta08
Quiz von jacosta08, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
jacosta08
Erstellt von jacosta08 vor fast 10 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
Which of the following are mechanisms for chemical drug degradation?
Antworten
  • hydrolysis
  • oxidation
  • isomerization
  • epimerization
  • photolysis
  • vaporization
  • polymorphism
  • adsorption

Frage 2

Frage
Which of the following are mechanisms of physical drug degradation?
Antworten
  • vaporization
  • polymorphism
  • adsorption
  • photolysis
  • epimerization
  • isomerization
  • oxidation
  • hydrolysis

Frage 3

Frage
What is the MOST common cause of drug decomposition?
Antworten
  • hydrolysis
  • oxidation
  • vaporization
  • polymorphism
  • adsorption
  • isomerization
  • epimerization
  • photolysis

Frage 4

Frage
What functional groups are involved hydrolysis reaction drug decomposition?
Antworten
  • Ester, Salts, Amides, lactone, lactam
  • Aldehydes, alcohols, phenols, sugars, alkaloids, unsaturated fats and oils

Frage 5

Frage
What factors affect hydrolysis?
Antworten
  • temperature
  • pH
  • water content
  • radiation
  • catalysts
  • synergists
  • UV

Frage 6

Frage
How would you minimize hydrolysis?
Antworten
  • (i) Protecting from heat, (ii) Refrigeration
  • Adjusting the pH and using buffers
  • Removing water or reducing water content
  • Using tightly closed containers
  • Using an insoluble form of the drug in water
  • Lyophilization of the product for subsequent reconstitution
  • Using a soluble form of the drug in water
  • Applying heat and keep at room temp.
  • Use open containers
  • Adding water to dry powder

Frage 7

Frage
What causes oxidation?
Antworten
  • oxidizing agents
  • reducing agents
  • hydrolyzing agents

Frage 8

Frage
Free radical may form from the presence of trace amounts of
Antworten
  • carbon
  • calcium
  • heavy metals (Pb)
  • peroxides
  • atmospheric oxygen
  • carbon dioxide

Frage 9

Frage
Which of the following is the initiation stage of free radical formation?
Antworten
  • R--R ---> R• + R•
  • R• + O2 ---> ROO• ROO• + R--R ---> ROOR + R•
  • R• + R• -----> R--R R• + ROO• ----> ROOR

Frage 10

Frage
Which of the following represent the propagation stage of free radical formation?
Antworten
  • R--R ---> R• + R•
  • R• + O2 ---> ROO• ROO• + R--R ---> ROOR + R•
  • R• + R• -----> R--R R• + ROO• ----> ROOR

Frage 11

Frage
What factors MOST affect oxidation?
Antworten
  • concentration of reducing species
  • concentration of oxidizing species
  • temperature
  • radiation
  • catalysts
  • pH
  • water content

Frage 12

Frage
Gamma-radiation is used to sterilize products.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 13

Frage
Solutions are less sensitive to radiation than solid dosage forms.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 14

Frage
Heavy metals (cupric, chromic, ferrous, ferric, etc.) are catalysts that affect hydrolysis.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 15

Frage
Epinephrine exhibits a minimum oxidative decomposition at pH = ?
Antworten
  • 3.4
  • 1.5
  • 2.8
  • 12
  • 7

Frage 16

Frage
Epinephrine exhibits a minimum oxidative decomposition at pH 3.4. At higher pH it degrades slower.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 17

Frage
In regard to factors affecting oxidation, antibiotic or vitamin preparations have a pH range of maximum stability.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 18

Frage
Which antioxidants would be used to improve stability of a drug in an aqueous system?
Antworten
  • sodium sulfite
  • sodium metabisulfite
  • sodium bisulfite
  • sodium thiosulfate
  • ascorbic acid
  • hydroquinone
  • propyl gallate
  • butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
  • butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
  • alpha‐tocopherol

Frage 19

Frage
Which antioxidants would be used to improve stability of a drug in an oil system?
Antworten
  • hydroquinone
  • propyl gallate
  • butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
  • butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
  • alpha‐tocopherol
  • sodium sulfite
  • sodium metabisulfite
  • sodium bisulfite
  • sodium thiosulfate
  • ascorbic acid

Frage 20

Frage
For products, extremely sensitive to atmospheric oxygen, the head-space in the pharmaceutical container can be filled with ____ or _____ instead of air.
Antworten
  • nitrogen
  • carbon dioxide
  • carbon monoxide
  • hydrogen
  • sulfur
  • water
  • catalysts

Frage 21

Frage
How would we minimize oxidation other than using antioxidants?
Antworten
  • inclusion of chelating agents
  • buffering agents
  • water with heavy metals
  • water without heavy metals
  • use metal containers
  • use glass containers
  • add oxidizing agents

Frage 22

Frage
Saturated drug molecules have tendency to interact with lights.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 23

Frage
Dextro & Levo optical isomers are pharmaceutically active separately.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 24

Frage
Generally dextro forms show more pharmacological effects, e.g., epinephrine, alpha‐methyldopa, propranolol, warfarin, ibuprofen, pilocarpine, ergotamine
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 25

Frage
Microbiological degradation by bacteria create
Antworten
  • alkaline media
  • acidic media
  • neutral media

Frage 26

Frage
Microbiological degradation by mold and yeast create
Antworten
  • acidic media
  • alkaline media
  • neutral media

Frage 27

Frage
Which dosage form is more vulnerable to microbial degradation?
Antworten
  • solution preparations
  • tablets
  • capsules
  • topicals
  • suppositories

Frage 28

Frage
To remedy microbiological degradation, preservatives can be added & when alcohol is the vehicle, of ____ alcohol itself gives intrinsic bacteriostatic property.
Antworten
  • 15‐18%
  • 40-50%
  • 1-5%
  • 7-14%
  • 19-23%

Frage 29

Frage
According to the law of mass action, the rate of a chemical reaction is
Antworten
  • proportional to the product of the molar concentration of the reactants each raised to a power “usually” equal to the number of molecules, a and b, of the substances A and B, respectively, undergoing reaction.
  • proportional to the reactants of the molar concentration of the products each raised to a power “usually” equal to the number of molecules, a and b, of the substances A and B, respectively, undergoing reaction.
  • disproportional to the product of the molar concentration of the reactants each raised to a power “usually” equal to the number of molecules, a and b, of the substances A and B, respectively, undergoing reaction.
  • inversely related to the product of the molar concentration of the reactants each raised to a power “usually” equal to the number of molecules, a and b, of the substances A and B, respectively, undergoing reaction.

Frage 30

Frage
Molecularity is important in reaction kinetics.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 31

Frage
One fundamental of kinetics is the reaction equation has to be balanced. Also, termolecular reactions are common.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 32

Frage
2 NO + Br2 =2NOBr
Antworten
  • unimolecular
  • bimolecular
  • termolecular

Frage 33

Frage
H2 + I2 = 2HI
Antworten
  • unimolecular
  • bimolecular
  • termolecular

Frage 34

Frage
Br_2 = 2 Br
Antworten
  • unimolecular
  • bimolecular
  • termolecular

Frage 35

Frage
The overall order of a reaction is the sum of the _______of the concentration items.
Antworten
  • exponents
  • rate constant
  • time
  • [reactants]
  • [products]

Frage 36

Frage
It is difficult to calculate reaction order just looking at the reaction equation.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 37

Frage
Knowing reaction order is not important for studying half-life & reaction kinetic studies.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 38

Frage
Higher the 'k' value means the slower the reaction.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 39

Frage
k does not depend on the concentrations of A & B but it will change if you change the reaction temperature.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 40

Frage
All of the following EXCEPT this one are chemical methods of drug degradation.
Antworten
  • hydrolysis
  • polymorphism
  • photolysis
  • auto-oxidation
  • racemization
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