Genetics Final concepts

Histone modification and chromatin remodeling...

Natural selection is the principal for that _________ within large populations?

Cancer are caused by mutations in ______ cells

[blank_start]5[blank_end]% of cancers are caused by germ-line mutations.

Genomic alternations associated with cancer include?

What are the two fundamental properties shared by cancer cells?

Genetic disease in somatic cells results from __________ or _________.

[blank_start]Benign[blank_end] tumor: Results from unregulated cell growth that forms a multicellular mass removed by surgery, causing no serious harm [blank_start]Malignant[blank_end] tumor: Results from metastasized cells invading other tissue and causing life-threatening problems.

__________: originated from a common ancestral cell that accumulated numerous specific mutations

All cancer cells in primary and secondary tumors are clonal

Many scientists believe that MOST cells within tumors proliferate, which is why it is so dangerous.

Tumor cells that do proliferate are [blank_start]rare[blank_end] population and give rise to cancer stem cells that [blank_start]have[blank_end] the capacity for self-renewal.

Undifferentiated cells with the capacity for self-renewal are known as __________.

Cancer stem cell hypothesis predicts that...

Age-related incidence of cancer indicates cancer develops from the [blank_start]accumulation of several mutagenic events[blank_end] in [blank_start]a single cell[blank_end].

Incidence with cancers rises exponentially with... (pick the BEST answer)

Independent and random mutations are necessary for a cell to become malignant.

Carcinogens are....

The delay between exposure to carcinogens and the appearance of cancer is an indication of [blank_start]the multistep process[blank_end].

_________ is the development of malignant tumor.

Tumorigenesis results in two or more genetic alternations which are...

What does APC gene stand for? [blank_start]Adenomatous[blank_end] [blank_start]polyposis[blank_end] [blank_start]coli[blank_end]

What does the APC gene do?

In colorectal cancers, adenoma and polyp formation requires ?

A [blank_start]driver[blank_end] mutation gives growth advantage to tumor cells. A [blank_start]passenger[blank_end] mutation has no direct contribution to cancer phenotype.

Cancer cells show higher than normal rates of...

Genomic instability manifests in gross defects by...

Many cancers are characterized as reciprocal translocations

CML- Chronic myelogenous leukemia is a cancer due to [blank_start]translation[blank_end] of [blank_start]C-ABL[blank_end] gene on chromosome [blank_start]9[blank_end] into [blank_start]BCR[blank_end] gene on chromosome 22.

The structure of CML is known as ___________ chromosome

What two inherited cancers are caused by defects in DNA repair genes?

[blank_start]Xeroderma pigmentosum[blank_end]: Defective nucleotide excision repair leading to skin cancer [blank_start]Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal[blank_end] cancer: increased risk of colon, ovary, uterine and kidney cancers -eights genes implicated; four involved in DNA mismatch repair; [blank_start]autosomal dominant[blank_end] syndrome

Epigenetic effects may be present in what type of cell?