Audition

Question

What is true about characteristics of sound waves?

Answer 1

Alternate phases of compression and decompression of molecules of the medium

Answer 2

Alternate phases of compression and decompression in vacuum

Answer 3

Sound waves are associated with pressure changes called sound pressure.

Answer 4

Pressure waves are longitudinal vibrations of molecules of the medium

Answer 5

335 m/s in air - 0°C at sea level

Answer 6

44 m/s in air - 20°C at sea level

Answer 7

297 m/s in air - 0°C at sea level ,

Answer 8

1450 m/s in water - 20°C at sea level.

Answer 9

335 m/s in water - 0°C at sea level

Answer 10

1450 m/s in water - 20°C at sea level

Answer 11

344 m/s in air - 20°C at sea level

Answer 12

1250 m/s in water - 20°C at sea level

Answer 13

The crests of these waves are areas of high density, called compressions.

Answer 14

The troughs are called rarefactions.

Answer 15

The troughs are called compression.

Answer 16

Sounds are waves of air molecules.

Answer 17

Amplitude determines Pitch

Answer 18

Amplitude determines Loudness

Answer 19

Frequency determines Loudness

Answer 20

Frequency determines Pitch

Answer 21

Frequency is the rate at which the source produces sound waves

Answer 22

Low pitched or bass sounds have low frequencies.

Answer 23

High-pitched or treble sounds have low frequencies.

Answer 24

A healthy, young person can hear sounds with frequencies from 20 to 20,000 Hz.

Answer 25

The ability to hear high pitch sounds (high frequencies) increases with age – this condition is called presbycusis.

Answer 26

The ability to hear high pitch sounds (high frequencies) declines with age – this condition is called presbycusis.

Answer 27

Male hearing range decreases more quickly than the female.

Answer 28

The sound of human speech is mainly in the range 300 to 3,000 Hz.

Answer 29

This very wide range of values is converted into a logarithmic scale of decibels range of 0 dB to 300 dB.

Answer 30

This very wide range of values is converted into a logarithmic scale of decibels range of 0 dB to 140 dB.

Answer 31

Sound waves are silent if their compressions are dense.

Answer 32

The amplitude of the acoustic pressure is measured in pascals (Pa).

Answer 33

Threshold of hearing (10-16 W/m2 = 0 B = 0 dB).

Answer 34

Loud conversation (10-12 W/m2 = 4 B = 40 dB).

Answer 35

Ordinary conversation (10-9 W/m2 = 7 B = 70 dB).

Answer 36

Threshold of pain (10-3 W/m2 = 13 B = 130 dB).

Answer 37

The pitch of the average male voice is 120 Hz while of the female voice is 250 Hz.

Answer 38

Noise is sound composed of many related frequencies.

Answer 39

harmonics is sound composed of many unrelated frequencies.

Answer 40

Sounds are complex mixtures of pure tones. (accords)

Answer 41

The auditory system is maximally sensitive between 500 – 5,000 Hz

Answer 42

The Frequency response is determined by the functional anatomy of the ear.

Answer 43

The auditory system is maximally sensitive between 200 – 2,000 Hz

Answer 44

Sound is FELT above 130dB

Answer 45

Consists of the tympanic membrane and the external auditory meatus (auditory canal).

Answer 46

Sound waves travel through the meatus and impinge on the brain.

Answer 47

The Meatus acts as a resonator

Answer 48

The Pinna funnels sound waves into the meatus.

Answer 49

Binaural localization relies on the comparison of auditory input from two separate auditory detectors (ears).

Answer 50

The auricle ensures reliable transmission of speech.

Answer 51

Convergence and amplification of the sound.

Answer 52

Localization of the source of the high pitch sound is based on assessment of difference of amplitude and time

Answer 53

Decompression of the sound pressure.

Answer 54

Conduction of the sound through the lever system of auditory ossicles.

Answer 55

Defensive mechanism of the ear – function of the tympanic reflex.

Answer 56

Language (foreign) is shifted higher, needs to be louder

Answer 57

The handle of the malleus is attached to the centre of the tympanic membrane

Answer 58

The malleus forms a rigid connection with the incus and they act as a single lever.

Answer 59

The incus forms flexible connection with the malleus.

Answer 60

Footplate of stapes moves in and out at the round window

Answer 61

Contraction - increase sound conduction

Answer 62

Tensor tympani muscle – pulls the handle of the malleus inward

Answer 63

Stapedius muscle – pulls the stapes outward

Answer 64

Loud sound in high frequencies

Answer 65

Adaptation to continuous high intensities sound - to mask low-frequencies sound in loud environment

Answer 66

Reduce sound by 30dB

Answer 67

Consist of vestibule and cochlea

Answer 68

Helicoterma – connection between scala tympani and scala vestibuli

Answer 69

Scala vestibuli – to oval window;

Answer 70

Scala media has 3 walls; basilar memb, Reissner's memb. and stria vascularis

Answer 71

Scala tympani – to round window

Answer 72

Organ of corti is placed in cochlear duct

Answer 73

Perilymph – scala vestibuli

Answer 74

Endolymph – scala tympani

Answer 75

Potential gradient across hair cells about 140 mV

Answer 76

In scala media

Answer 77

Hair cells and various supporting cells

Answer 78

Cones and rods

Answer 79

The rods of Corti

Answer 80

Inner hair cells 3,500 - supplied by myelinated fibers

Answer 81

Outer hair cells 3,500 - supplied by myelinated fibers

Answer 82

Outer hair cells 15,000 - supplied by unmyelinated fibers

Answer 83

Inner hair cells 15,000 - supplied by unmyelinated fibers

Answer 84

From superior olivary nucleus – olivocochlear fibers

Answer 85

Bipolar neurons from spiral ganglion within the modiolus

Answer 86

90% of fibers innervate inner hair cells

Answer 87

Axons enter the auditory-vestibular nerve

Answer 88

On afferent fibers that contact the inner hair cells

Answer 89

From superior olivary nucleus – olivocochlear fibers

Answer 90

On afferent fibers that contact the inner hair cells

Answer 91

Bipolar neurons from spiral ganglion within the modiolus

Answer 92

On outer hair cells

Answer 93

Helps to improve frequency discrimination

Answer 94

Different parts of the basilar membrane have the same resonance frequencies.

Answer 95

Basilar membrane up – reticular lamina up and toward the modiolus

Answer 96

Basilar membrane up – reticular lamina down and away from modiolus

Answer 97

Tectorial membrane holds the tips of the outer hair cells stereocilia

Answer 98

Inner hair cells cilia’s are bend by movement of endolymph

Answer 99

Neurones of the spiral ganglion – to auditory nerve.

Answer 100

Neurones of the ventral (and dorsal) cochlear nucleus – to lateral lemniscus.

Answer 101

Neurones of the superior colliculi.

Answer 102

Neurones of the Inferior olives.

Answer 103

Neurones of the medial geniculate body (MGN) of the thalamus to auditory cortex

Answer 104

Area 41 of Brodmann division in temporal lobe

Answer 105

Low frequencies are represented rostrally and laterally,

Answer 106

High frequencies – caudally and medially

Answer 107

High frequencies – caudally and laterally

Answer 108

Secondary auditory cortex 42, 22, 52 Brodmann’s area

Answer 109

Has stereocilia with actin and kinocilia

Answer 110

Connect to efferent fibers with glutamine

Answer 111

Endolymph is low in K+

Answer 112

Mechano-sensitive non-selective channels, opened by tip links on hair cells

Answer 113

Hair cells bending to stereocilia - de -polarize producing sound

Answer 114

Semicircular system and Cochlea use different receptors

Answer 115

Semicircular system is responsible for equilibrium

Answer 116

Cochlea is responsible for sound

Answer 117

Olivary nucleus connects to neuron from left and right ear

Answer 118

The right ear is the 1st to hear sounds

Answer 119

The left ear is the 1st to hear sounds

Answer 120

The right ear has a shorter pathway to the brain

Answer 121

The left ear has a shorter pathway to the brain

Answer 122

Ossicles - Tympanic memb. - Basilar memb. - Perilymph to endolymph - Cochlea

Answer 123

Tympanic memb. - Ossicles - Basilar memb. - Cochlea - Perilymph to endolymph

Answer 124

Tympanic memb. - Ossicles - Perilymph to endolymph - Basilar memb. - Cochlea

Answer 125

Ossicles - Tympanic memb. - Perilymph to endolymph - Cochlea- Basilar memb.

Answer 126

Vibration of skull - Perilymph to endolymph - Basilar membrane - Cochlea

Answer 127

Vibration of skull - Cochlea - Perilymph to endolymph - Basilar membrane

Answer 128

Vibration of skull - Cochlea - Basilar membrane - Perilymph to endolymph

Answer 129

Vibration of skull - Basilar membrane - Cochlea - Perilymph to endolymph

Answer 130

Nerve deafness is impairment of the auditory nerve

Answer 131

Conduction deafness is impairment of structures of the ear that conduct sound to cochlea

Answer 132

Nerve deafness impairment of structures of the ear that conduct sound to cochlea

Answer 133

Bone conduction in conduction deafness is normal

Answer 134

Acumetry – Quantitative

Answer 135

Audiometry - Quantitative and Qualitative

Answer 136

Tuning fork tests - Qualitative

Answer 137

Tuning fork tests - Quantitative

Answer 138

Acumetry - Qualitative

Answer 139

Rinne test - comparison of the patient’s bone conduction to examiner’s bone conduction.

Answer 140

Rinne test – comparison of the patient’s air (ossicular) conduction of sound to the bone conduction.

Answer 141

Weber test - differentiation between conduction and nerve deafness.

Answer 142

Schwabach test – comparison of the patient’s bone conduction to examiner’s bone conduction.

Answer 143

Normal hearing - (positive rinne) sound is heard twice as long by air conduction as by bone conduction

Answer 144

Conductive deafness in right ear - (negative rinne) sound is heard longer by bone conduction than by air conduction

Answer 145

Conductive deafness in right ear - (positive rinne) sound is heard longer by air conduction than by bone conduction

Answer 146

Perceptive deafness of right ear - (positive rinne) sound is heard longer by air conduction than by bone conduction

Answer 147

Conductive deafness in right ear - Sound lateralizes to the better ear

Answer 148

Normal hearing - Sound does not lateralize to either side; heard equally well in both ears.

Answer 149

Perceptive deafness of right ear - Sound lateralizes to the better ear

Answer 150

Conductive deafness in right ear - sound lateralizes to defective ear, few sound are carried through external and middle ear.

Answer 151

Longer - conduction disorder – longer than normal bone conduction

Answer 152

Is a method based on comparing bone conduction to a normal subject to the patient

Answer 153

Shorter - nerve disorder - shorter than normal bone conduction

Answer 154

Is a method based on comparing bone conduction to a deaf subject to the patient

Answer 155

Assessment of the distance of hearing.

Answer 156

Normal ear can hear whisper voice from 6m (young humans – even 20 m).

Answer 157

1-3m – mild hearing loss.

Answer 158

3-6m – moderate hearing loss.

Answer 159

< 1m – severe hearing loss.

Answer 160

> 6m – normal hearing.

Answer 161

Otolith organ – signals linear acceleration

Answer 162

Semicircular canals – signal rotational acceleration

Answer 163

Utricle – signal vertical acceleration

Answer 164

Sacculus – signal horizontal acceleration

Answer 165

3rd neuron - flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum - posture

Answer 166

II neuron – here terminate vestibular nerves in: flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum - posture

Answer 167

II neuron – here terminate vestibular nerves in: ipsilaterally four-part vestibular nuclei

Answer 168

1st neuron – vestibular ganglion (Scarpa’s ganglion): supplies the cristae and macula

Answer 169

3rd neuron - vestibular ganglion (Scarpa’s ganglion): supplies the cristae and macula

Answer 170

Abducens nucleus - The medial lateral fascicle (mlf) projects from the Vestibulocochlear nucleus to the oculomotor nucleus

Answer 171

Vestibulocochlear nerve - from the peripheral vestibular sensors to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem (vn)

Answer 172

Two-neuron arc, during a head movement to the right

Answer 173

The oculomotor nucleus - The left lateral rectus muscle (lr) and the right medial rectus muscle (mr) get contracted, turning the eyes to the left.

Answer 174

With the eyes open 3 sensory systems provide input to cerebellum to maintain truncal stability. These are vision, olfaction and vestibular sense.

Answer 175

Mild lesions in one vestibular or proprioception system cannot be compensated by vision

Answer 176

When the patient closes their eyes, visual input is removed and instability can be brought out.

Answer 177

In vestibular malfunction direction of falling is direction of slow phase of nystagmus

Answer 178

Is a jerky movement of the eye with slow and quick components.

Answer 179

The direction of nystagmus is identified by the direction of the quick component.

Answer 180

The quick component is initiated by impulses from the labyrinths.

Answer 181

The slow component is triggered by a center of the brainstem.

Answer 182

Secondary nystagmus is involved with the slow phase in the opposite direction. It continues for 1min.

Answer 183

Secondary nystagmus is involved with the rapid phase in the same direction. It continues for 20-30 s.

Answer 184

Trigger by angular acceleration, which activate movement of eye opposite direction to head movement.

Answer 185

Pathology causing vestibular nystagmus can be lesions of brainstem or Menier's disease

Answer 186

Optokinetic – reflex that maintain visual fixation on stationary point while the body rotates

Answer 187

Caloric test - toward the warmer ear

Answer 188

Caloric test - post-rotatory nystagmus

Answer 189

Barany rotation test - post-rotatory nystagmus

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