Spinal cord and sensory part of nervous system

Question

Functions of sensory systems; choose WRONG

Answer 1

Monitor the internal and external environment

Answer 2

Transmits signals from CNS to periphery

Answer 3

Control of movement

Answer 4

Transmits peripheral signal to CNS for processing

Answer 5

Regulation of internal organs

Answer 6

Thermal sensation

Answer 7

Proprioception

Answer 8

General senses have receptors distributed over a large part of the body

Answer 9

General senses have receptors within specific organs

Answer 10

General senses located in skin, muscle and joints are somatic (touch, pain, temp, etc..)

Answer 11

General senses located in internal organs are visceral (pain and pressure)

Answer 12

Balance is not a special sense

Answer 13

Stimulation, Perception, Transduction, Transmission

Answer 14

Stimulation, Transmission, Perception, Transduction

Answer 15

Stimulation, Transduction, Transmission, Perception

Answer 16

Stimulation, Transmission, Transduction, Perception

Answer 17

Somatic and olfactory senses reception is through secondary sensory neurons

Answer 18

General secondary receptors release neurotransmitter that bind to a neuron that transmits info to brain

Answer 19

Special secondary receptors release neurotransmitter that bind to a neuron that transmits info to brain

Answer 20

In taste, hearing, sight and balance it is through specialized epithelial receptor cells - secondary receptor.

Answer 21

Exteroreceptors - associated with skin

Answer 22

Proprioceptors - associated with joints, tendons, muscle, vestibular system

Answer 23

Visceroreceptors - associated with organs

Answer 24

Exteroreceptors - associated with organs

Answer 25

Nociceptors - respond to changes in temperature

Answer 26

Thermoreceptors - extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli. Pain sensation

Answer 27

Mechanoreceptors: compression, bending, stretching of cells. Touch, pressure, proprioception, hearing, and balance sensation

Answer 28

Chemoreceptors - chemicals become attached to receptors on their membranes. Smell and taste sensation

Answer 29

Photoreceptors - respond to light. Vision

Answer 30

PROPRIOCEPTION – profound

Answer 31

EKSTEROCEPTION – superficial

Answer 32

INTEROCEPTION – special

Answer 33

TELECEPTION – visceral

Answer 34

Modality (type of sensation; touch, pain)

Answer 35

Timing - When stimuli starts

Answer 36

EPICRITIC SENSATION – identification, localisation, characteristic, strength of stimulus possible

Answer 37

PROTOPATHIC SENSATION – identification, localisation, characteristic, strength of stimulus possible

Answer 38

PROTOPATHIC SENSATION – impossible precise identification of stimulus; often connected with impairing factors - crude touch, pain, extreme temperature

Answer 39

EPICRITIC SENSATION – impossible precise identification of stimulus; often connected with impairing factors - crude touch, pain, extreme temperature

Answer 40

Modality is encoded by a single pathway.

Answer 41

Each pathway encodes one specific sense

Answer 42

Each type of sensation (touch, sound, light, etc.) is called modality of sensation

Answer 43

Different modality of sensation is transmitted by a specific nerve fiber and determined by where the nerve fiber terminates in the brain

Answer 44

Receptors fires action potential only when stimulus impinges on the receptive field.

Answer 45

Fine resolution requires large receptive fields

Answer 46

Coarse resolution requires fewer receptive fields to cover the same body surface area

Answer 47

Receptive field in skin differ in size and response to touch

Answer 48

Coarse resolution; Certain regions of the body, such as arms & legs, have such very large receptive fields.

Answer 49

Coarse resolution; Two stimuli separated by as much as 40 mm will be perceived as a single point

Answer 50

Coarse resolution; Sensitive regions of the body with small secondary receptive fields include the fingertips.

Answer 51

Coarse resolution; Two stimuli separated by as little as 2 mm will activate separate pathways and will be perceived as distinct stimuli

Answer 52

Meissner occupy small receptive fields

Answer 53

Paccini occupy large receptive fields

Answer 54

Primary neuron response is improper to stimulus strength

Answer 55

lateral inhibition - adjacent relay cells are inhibited from firing by the excited relay cell

Answer 56

feed forward inhibition - primary sensory cell inhibits directly adjacent relay cells.

Answer 57

Lateral inhibition increases stimulus contrast

Answer 58

Population code - more sensory receptors are activated as stimulus gets greater

Answer 59

Intensity is encoded through the firing rate of receptors

Answer 60

Duration of action potential code for underlie perception of stimulus strength

Answer 61

Frequency of the stimulus is encoded by the time course of firing

Answer 62

Duration of the stimulus is encoded by the time course of firing

Answer 63

Phasic receptors - long-lasting stimulus will produce a prolonged repetitive discharge in the primary afferent neurons. (pain)

Answer 64

Phasic reseptors - long-lasting stimulus will produce a short-lived response in the primary afferent neurons.

Answer 65

Tonic receptors are fast-adapting

Answer 66

Baroreceptors

Answer 67

Paccinian corpuscles

Answer 68

Nociceptors

Answer 69

Poprioceptors

Answer 70

Tactile receptors (mechanoreceptors) - receptors detect position and movement

Answer 71

Thermal receptors - stimuli: heat and cold

Answer 72

Nociceptors - stimuli: painful touch, cut, extreme temperatures

Answer 73

Proprioceptive - stimuli: touch, pressure, vibration

Answer 74

Static proprioceptors - tonic discharge

Answer 75

Static proprioceptors - phasic discharge

Answer 76

Stimulus: deep cutaneous pressure; vibration

Answer 77

Located in epidermis

Answer 78

Lamellated corpuscles, single dendrite to layers of corpuscles arranged like

Answer 79

Pacini's corpuscle is a skin, sensory nerve ending

Answer 80

Slow adapting

Answer 81

Has a two-point discrimination. Ability to detect simultaneous stimulations at two points on the skin.

Answer 82

Rapidly adapting

Answer 83

Numerous and close together on thigh and chest

Answer 84

Used to determined temp of objects.

Answer 85

Axonal branches end as flattened expansions associated with epithelial cells

Answer 86

Responsible for steady-state signals (continuous touch)

Answer 87

Slowly adapting

Answer 88

Basal layers of hypodermis

Answer 89

Light touch and superficial pressure

Answer 90

Primarily in dermis of fingers

Answer 91

Rapidly adapting

Answer 92

Respond to continuous touch or pressure

Answer 93

Slowly adapting

Answer 94

Does not respond to bending of hair as occurs in light touch

Answer 95

Hair end organs

Answer 96

End organ receptor fields overlap; sensation not very localized, yet very sensitive

Answer 97

Respond to bending of hair as occurs in light touch

Answer 98

Simplest, most common sensory receptor

Answer 99

Scattered through most of body; visceroceptors are of this type.

Answer 100

Picks up warm 10-15 times more numerous than cold

Answer 101

Pain: respons to freezing cold and burning hot, cut of skin, painful touch

Answer 102

Rapidly adapting

Answer 103

Large receptive area

Answer 104

Warm receptors: up to 30C, max excitability at 44-46C;

Answer 105

Thermal signals are transmitted in pathways same to those for pain signals

Answer 106

Cold receptors: max excitability at 24-28oC;

Answer 107

Warm sensation - Transmission by C fibers

Answer 108

For each 10C change metabolic rates (temp) alters intracellular chemical reactions more than 2-fold.

Answer 109

Cold sensation - Transmission by C fibers

Answer 110

Cold sensation - Transmission by Aδ

Answer 111

Provide information about tension of muscles

Answer 112

3-10 specialized intrafusal skeletal muscle cells

Answer 113

Provide information about length of muscles

Answer 114

Involved in stretch reflex

Answer 115

Proprioceptors associated with tendons

Answer 116

Respond to increased tension on tendon

Answer 117

Involved in invers stretch reflex

Answer 118

Provide information about length of muscles

Answer 119

Lateral inhibition - Key attributes of the stimulus must be represented in the signals of the primary SN

Answer 120

Stimulus transduction - Stimulus energy is converted into electrochemical energy

Answer 121

The stimulus information must be encoded into an electrical signal of some sort. These will result in information about intensity, duration, and location.

Answer 122

Neural encoding - sensory information must be fine tuned to achieve maximal discriminative capacity

Answer 123

Parallel pathways

Answer 124

Relay nuclei and Interneurons

Answer 125

Hierarchical organisation - different levels (highest at the head)

Answer 126

Spinal cord and fiber types

Answer 127

Neural maps - Parts of brain for different sensations

Answer 128

Transmission has specificity and follows topographical organisation

Answer 129

Cross-over to decussate through 2 major pathways; Dorsal column and anterolateral pathway.

Answer 130

Starts in the neurons of dorsal root ganglia

Answer 131

Ends in thalamus nuclei

Answer 132

Ia = Annulo-spiral ending of muscle spindle - A-alpha Fiber

Answer 133

Ia = Golgi tendon organ - A-alpha Fiber

Answer 134

II = Flower-spray ending of muscle spindle - A-beta Fiber

Answer 135

III = Pain, temp and other receptors - Cdr Fiber

Answer 136

Sensory supply to skin

Answer 137

All impulses from the receptors first enter the peripheral afferent nerve fiber.

Answer 138

After entering the Dorsal Roots it enters spinal ganglion

Answer 139

Terminates in spinal cord

Answer 140

Each dermatome is innervated by 2 segments of the spinal cord.

Answer 141

Ventral columns

Answer 142

Dorsal columns

Answer 143

Lateral and Anterior spinothalamic tract

Answer 144

Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts

Answer 145

Spino-olivary cerebellar tract and Trigeminothalamic tract

Answer 146

Primary neurons have cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion.

Answer 147

Fasciculus gracilis: sensations from inferior to midthoracic level.

Answer 148

Fasciculus gracilis : impulses from above midthorax.

Answer 149

Carries sensations of two-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, vibration to cerebrum, and cerebellum

Answer 150

Axons enter spinal cord and ascend to the medulla oblongata by decussating where they synapse with secondary neurons.

Answer 151

Picks up pain and temperature

Answer 152

Follows a 3 neuron system, where the primary neuron starts in dorsal root ganglia

Answer 153

Secondary neuron - thalamus VPL nucleus

Answer 154

Tertiary neuron - posterior horn neuron

Answer 155

Crude touch

Answer 156

Fibers join the spinothalamic tract in the brainstem

Answer 157

Involves Cranial nerve VI

Answer 158

In thalamus synapses on VPL nucleus

Answer 159

Carries similar information to that of the spinothalamic and dorsal-column/medial- lemniscal system

Answer 160

Carries info from face, Nasal cavity and Oral cavity

Answer 161

Spino-reticular tract to superior olivary nuclei

Answer 162

Spinal dorsal columns to nuclei of the medulla

Answer 163

Starts as climbing fibers on Purkinje cells

Answer 164

Spino-olivary - contribute to coordination of movement associated with balance

Answer 165

Both impulses from Spino-reticular tract and Spinal dorsal columns go to cerebellum

Answer 166

Anterior - sensation = Proprioception of muscle, tendon, Joints receptors . Large tactile skin sensation

Answer 167

Anterior - sensation = Efferent copy of the anterior horn motor drive

Answer 168

Posterior - termination = The same side as its origin. Mossy fibers on cerebellar cortex granular cells

Answer 169

Posterior - termination = Both side of cerebellum. Mossy fibers on cerebellar cortex granular cells

Answer 170

Cerebellum may reduce the conscious perception of sensations

Answer 171

Cortex may reduce the conscious perception of sensations

Answer 172

Spinotectal - involved in reflexes that turn the eyes and the head toward point of cutaneous stimulation

Answer 173

Corticospinal tracts send branches to ascending tracts and release neuromodulators such as endorphins

Answer 174

Corticospinal tracts send branches to descending tracts and release neuromodulators such as endorphins

Answer 175

Includes areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2 in postcentral gyrus of the cortex

Answer 176

Topographic (somatotopic) projection = the feet - near the midline of the brain,

Answer 177

Topographic (somatotopic) projection = the feet - laterally, near the lateral fissure.

Answer 178

The cells of the S1 cortex are organized in columns specific to a particular modality.

Answer 179

The receptive fields of neurons contain only excitatory zones.

Answer 180

Regions needing low resolution are represented in the brain in fine detail

Answer 181

Regions of the body most richly supplied with sensory receptors have the largest number of neurons in the related areas of the neocortex.

Answer 182

High resolution is achieved by having many small receptive fields on the body surface

Answer 183

A larger representation in the cortex occurs when less neurons are dedicated to a region of the body.

Answer 184

Areas 3b, 1- respond to slowly adapting cutaneous receptors

Answer 185

Area 1- Deep skin receptors

Answer 186

Area 2 - deep skin receptors

Answer 187

Area 3a - muscle spindle, tendon and joint receptors

Answer 188

...to localize sensations discretely and judge pressure and weight

Answer 189

...to judge shapes and forms and to recognize the position of parts of the body.

Answer 190

...to judge taste and smell

Answer 191

...to judge texture of material and fine gradations in temperature

Answer 192

Impulses come from the ventral column system

Answer 193

Impulses come from the spinothalamic system and S1 area

Answer 194

Located in postcentral gyrus - posterior and inferior part (area 40 of the cerebral cortex).

Answer 195

Localization in this area is good.

Answer 196

Lesion to this area cause inability to recognize own body on same side as the lesion

Answer 197

Located behind the S1 area - areas 5 and 7

Answer 198

Lesion to this area cause inability to recognize own body opposite to the lesion

Answer 199

Lesion of this area lead to inability to recognize the complex forms (feeling for the shape of one's own body is lost).

Answer 200

Visual cortex: occipital lobe

Answer 201

Olfactory cortex: superior surface of prefrontal lobe

Answer 202

Primary auditory cortex: inferior part of temporal lobe

Answer 203

Taste area: lower tip of postcentral gyrus

Answer 204

Sensory neuron

Answer 205

Dorsal root ganglion

Answer 206

Efferent neuron

Answer 207

Interneurons of CNS - most reflexes go through these

Answer 208

Have both inhibitory and excitatory function

Answer 209

Slow neuron

Answer 210

Produce action potential

Answer 211

Hard neuron to excite

Answer 212

Fast conduction (120m/s)

Answer 213

From one node of ranvier to another

Answer 214

Slow conduction (3m/s)

Answer 215

Unmyelinated conduction

Answer 216

In spinal cord conduction goes uni-aterally between anterior and porsterior root, in one direction only.

Answer 217

Anterior spinal nerve roots contain only motor fibers

Answer 218

Posterior spinal nerve roots contain only sensory fibers

Answer 219

In spinal cord conduction goes bi-laterally between anterior and porsterior root

Answer 220

Somatic motor reflex - goes to viscera

Answer 221

Somatic motor reflex - goes to muscle and skin

Answer 222

Autonomic motor reflex - goes to viscera

Answer 223

Autonomic motor reflex - goes to muscle and skin

Answer 224

Large reflex arc

Answer 225

One synaps between sensory and motor neuron

Answer 226

Starts in Ia afferent fibers from muscle spindle

Answer 227

Complicated reflex

Answer 228

Duration of the knee jerk 19-24 ms.

Answer 229

Each muscle spindle consists of 10 muscle fibers enclosed in a connective tissue capsule

Answer 230

Nuclear bag fibers - thicker, 2 per spindle

Answer 231

Nuclear chain fibers - thicker, 2 per spindle

Answer 232

Primary - annulospiral endings – rapidly conducting Ia (A-alpha) afferents

Answer 233

Secondary - annulospiral endings – rapidly conducting Ia (A-alpha) afferents

Answer 234

Static (tonic) response of the nuclear bag region (rapid discharge after fast stretch, less rapid during sustained stretch)

Answer 235

Dynamic (phasic) response of the nuclear chain region (discharge at an increased rate throughout the period when the muscle is stretched).

Answer 236

Intrafusal muscle fibers - have gamma-motor neurons (S, D)

Answer 237

Extrafusal muscle fibers - have alpha-motor neurons

Answer 238

Only the ends of the muscle spindle contract, due to lack of actin and myosin in the centre

Answer 239

The mid-portion of the muscle spindle can stretch

Answer 240

Gamma motor neurons contract extrafusal muscle fibers and plates, contracting outer part of muscle spindle

Answer 241

Ia fibers only gives nuclear chain fiber

Answer 242

Dynamic response –increase spindle sensitivity to steady stretch

Answer 243

Gamma motoneurons cause contraction of spindle- stretch of nuclear bag portion – activation of Ia – reflex

Answer 244

Gamma discharge increases with alpha discharge

Answer 245

Static response - increase spindle sensitivity to rate of stretch

Answer 246

Gamma discharge with muscle stretch – increase of discharge in Ia

Answer 247

Dynamic response – decrease spindle sensitivity to rate of stretch

Answer 248

Control – descending tracts from CNS – postural control

Answer 249

Gamma discharge decreases with alpha discharge

Answer 250

Sensory innervation: Ib - EPSP on motor neurons via interneurons

Answer 251

Activation: passive stretch, active contraction of muscle

Answer 252

Receptors: in muscle spindle (nerve endings among fascicles of tendon)

Answer 253

Very high muscle tension produces – cessation of contraction (autogenic inhibition)

Answer 254

Regulate muscle force

Answer 255

Receptor: in muscle

Answer 256

Stimuli - nociceptive, noxious, painful

Answer 257

Response - flexor muscle- contraction (limb is moved away from the range of the irritating stimulus), extensor – inhibition

Answer 258

Effectors - recruitment of motor units – after discharge

Answer 259

Center - inhibition of stimulus in spinal cord

Answer 260

Regulation of the sensory function, contains motor centers and efferent pathways.

Answer 261

Regulation of the motor function, contains sensory centers and efferent pathways

Answer 262

Spinal modulation of impulses performed by sensory, motor, and interneurons in particular spinal segment

Answer 263

Spinal modulation of impulses performed by sensory, motor, and interneurons among various spinal segments

Answer 264

Grey matter – neural centers for somatic-motor & sensory, and autonomic-motor & sensory

Answer 265

White matter – neural centers for somatic-motor & sensory, and autonomic-motor & sensory

Answer 266

Grey matter – neural pathways afferent and efferent

Answer 267

White matter – neural pathways afferent and efferent

Answer 268

Convergence and divergence

Answer 269

After-effect

Answer 270

Contraction and relaxation

Answer 271

Summation and facilitation

Answer 272

Inhibition

Answer 273

alpha-motor neuron is a final common pathway, it connects impulses

Answer 274

Central inhibition - presynaptic is only EPSP

Answer 275

Central inhibition - Postsynaptic and autoinhibition are EPSP

Answer 276

Central inhibition - Autoinhibition is IPSP and mediated by renshaw cells

Answer 277

Inhibitory interneurons modulating alpha-motoneurons through (IPSP) renshaw cells

Answer 278

Inhibitory interneurons in stretch reflex.

Answer 279

Inhibitory interneurons in inverse-stretch reflex.

Answer 280

Inhibitory interneurons in withdrawal reflex.

Answer 281

Use glycine in its synapses

Answer 282

Crosses midline and ascends to brain stem reticular formation

Answer 283

Projects bi-laterally through intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus to regions of the cerebral cortex

Answer 284

Plays major role in general alertness and arousal in response to tactile (painful) stimuli

Answer 285

Does not cross midline before ascending to brain stem reticular formation

Answer 286

Does not cross midline

Answer 287

Crosses midline

Answer 288

Projects to and synapses with anterior colliculi, play major role in orientating eyes and head towards visual stimuli

Answer 289

The tract send fibers to grey matter with axons to post. horn of the spinal cord, can suppress incoming pain signal

Answer 290

Turck exam - Examines withdrawal reflex in spinal frog

Answer 291

Brondgest - facilitation and inhibition of the reflex

Answer 292

Sechenov - Component of the reflex arc

Answer 293

Turck exam - Relation between strength of the stimulus and response

Answer 294

Always consider left side symmetry

Answer 295

Consider central vs. peripheral deficits

Answer 296

Organize your thinking into seven categories

Answer 297

Organize your thinking into five categories

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Spinal cord and sensory part of nervous system

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