Physiology Exam 2022 - Cycle 2

Question

Which of the following sentences describe property of fasciculus gracilis ?

Answer 1

It collects sensory input from lower part of the body

Answer 2

Collects sensory input from upper part of the body

Answer 3

It conducts impulses collected from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

Answer 4

It conveys touch and vibration sense

Answer 5

Second order neuron is located in medulla oblongata

Answer 6

Second order neuron is located in posterior horn of spinal cord

Answer 7

They have BER (slow wave rhythm)

Answer 8

They have a plateau phase

Answer 9

They need action potential to initiate electrical activity

Answer 10

They are innervated by many nerve strands

Answer 11

They have gap junctions

Answer 12

ACh through N-cholinergic receptors

Answer 13

ACh through M-cholinergic receptor

Answer 14

D2-Receptor

Answer 15

Preganglinic sympathetic axons are myelinated A fibers

Answer 16

Postganglionic parasympathetic axons are unmyelinated C-fiber

Answer 17

Preganglionic sympathetic axons are myelinated B-fibers

Answer 18

Preganglionic parasympathetic axons are unmyelinated C-fibers

Answer 19

Cell body = soma

Answer 20

Axon hillock

Answer 21

Nodes of ranvier

Answer 22

It is build of thick and thin filaments

Answer 23

Action potential has a plateau phase

Answer 24

Cells can depolarize independent of external impulses

Answer 25

Calcium ins are stored in the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 26

Gap junctions

Answer 27

K+ outflow (leakage current)

Answer 28

Fast Na+ channels

Answer 29

Fast k+ channels

Answer 30

Ca2+ channel

Answer 31

Na+/K+ pump- ATPase

Answer 32

N-cholinergic receptor

Answer 33

Acetylcholine

Answer 34

Beta-Adrenergic receptor

Answer 35

Folds of the cardiac membrane

Answer 36

Tropomyosin and actin connection

Answer 37

Ca2+ released from Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 38

ATP - energizing the power stroke of the myosin cross bridge

Answer 39

ATP - disconnecting the myosin cross bridge from the binding site on actin at a conclusion of a powerstroke

Answer 40

ATP - actively transporting Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 41

Voltage gated Cl- channel

Answer 42

Ligand gated Cl- channel

Answer 43

CL channel, gated with GABA

Answer 44

Activation/ release leads to IPSP

Answer 45

Preganglionic cholinergic fibers

Answer 46

Postganglionic cholinergic fibers

Answer 47

Postganglionic adrenergic

Answer 48

Preganglionic adrenergic

Answer 49

K+ ions outflow

Answer 50

Cl ion passage

Answer 51

Protein anions

Answer 52

Na+ channels & currents does not influence resting membrane potential

Answer 53

Reflects all or none law

Answer 54

Involves sodium, chloride and calcium channels

Answer 55

Can be summated in time and space

Answer 56

The amount of liberated neurotransmitter is proportionate to the frequency of action potential passing via p...

Answer 57

Olfactory receptor cells

Answer 58

Hair cells of the organ of Corti

Answer 59

Ganglion cells of the retina

Answer 60

Bipolar cells of the retina

Answer 61

Potassium ion

Answer 62

Phosphocreatine

Answer 63

Calcium ion

Answer 64

Decrease in Ca2+ (low plasma level)

Answer 65

Decrease in Mg2+ (low plasma levels)

Answer 66

Increase in Ca2+

Answer 67

Increase in temperature

Answer 68

Decrease in H+

Answer 69

Increase in HCO3-, K+ and HPO42-

Answer 70

Calmodulin intensifies activity of the calcium pump of SR, pumping ions back into ECF

Answer 71

T-tubules of the sarcolemma is rich in ligand gated channels

Answer 72

DHP receptor is the voltage gated structure of sarcolemma

Answer 73

Rise of concentration of calcium ion in cytosol of striated muscle cells is the necessary condition for generation of cross bridges

Answer 74

RyR is the ionotropic receptor of sarcolemma

Answer 75

Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholine esterase in synaptic cleft. This finishes synaptic transmission

Answer 76

Postsynaptic inhibition depends on the number of IPSP and EPSP generated on particular postsynaptic membrane

Answer 77

Glycine produced EPSP in postsynaptic neuron

Answer 78

Axon hillock

Answer 79

The site where the threshold potential (-55mV) has to occur in order to produce an action potential is the axon hillock

Answer 80

During its resting state, the electrical charge inside the neuron is negative compared to the outside

Answer 81

In response to an action potential, a presynaptic neuron releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter which diffuses across the synaptic cleft to activate ligand receptor on the postsynaptic cell

Answer 82

The reason why there is a sudden shift in the electrical potential of the neuron (from about -70mv to about +50mv) during an action potential is largely due to the sudden influx of potassium ions.

Answer 83

Thyroxine, aldosterone, growth hormone;

Answer 84

Insulin, epinephrine, dopamine;

Answer 85

Vasopressin, oxytocin, insulin;

Answer 86

Parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, calcitonin

Answer 87

The axons convey impulse away from the cell body;

Answer 88

Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cell bodies and then transported to the axons

Answer 89

The condition velocity decreases with fiber diameter

Answer 90

The excitability is increased if the extracellular calcium concentration is decreased

Answer 91

sodium, potassium

Answer 92

potassium, sodium

Answer 93

potassium, chloride

Answer 94

chloride, potassium

Answer 95

Decreased temperature

Answer 96

Increased concentration of the external sodium ions

Answer 97

Increased axon diameter

Answer 98

Myelination

Answer 99

Produce more frequent action potentials

Answer 100

Conduct impulses more rapidly

Answer 101

Produce action potential of larger amplitude

Answer 102

Action potential of longer duration

Answer 103

Respond to linear acceleration

Answer 104

Discharge at rest

Answer 105

Depolarize when bend towards kinocilium

Answer 106

Saccule and Utricle

Answer 107

Signals linear acceleration

Answer 108

In tympanic membrane

Answer 109

In inner ear

Answer 110

In semicircular canals

Answer 111

In scala tympani

Answer 112

middle ear

Answer 113

crista ampullaris

Answer 114

basilar membrane of organ of corti

Answer 115

Triggered by linear acceleration

Answer 116

Toward warm ear in Barany test

Answer 117

Opposite of Barany rotation test

Answer 118

Defined by its slow phase

Answer 119

not envoked in normal healthy people

Answer 120

postrotatory side is in opposite direction

Answer 121

slow eye movement - vestibular occular reflex

Answer 122

slow eye movement - vertigo

Answer 123

In damage to Wernick's area, person can talk fluently but poor auditory comprehension and poor repetition of heard and read words (cant name)

Answer 124

In damage to wernick's area, person can talk fluenty with good auditory comprehension, but is not able to repeat heard and read words

Answer 125

In damage to Broca's speech area, person can talk fluently, but poor auditory comprehension and able to repeat heard words

Answer 126

In damage to Broca's speech area, person can't talk fluently, but good auditory comprehension (can't name and repeat)

Answer 127

Inner motile due to basilar membrane

Answer 128

Abundant efference

Answer 129

Abundant afferent

Answer 130

Receives somatosensory input (specific)

Answer 131

Located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

Answer 132

Is Brodmans area 1,2,3

Answer 133

Goes to cingulate gyrus

Answer 134

Temporal half of left retina

Answer 135

Temporal half of right retina

Answer 136

Nasal half of left retina

Answer 137

Nasal half of right retina

Answer 138

Both halves of semis retina

Answer 139

Anulospiral endings continued by afferent myelinated Ib fibers.

Answer 140

Anulospiral endings continued by afferent myelinated Ia fibers

Answer 141

Efferent cdr fibers of anterior horn

Answer 142

Efferent A alfa fibers of anterior horn

Answer 143

Flower - spray endings continued by efferent myelinated group III fibers

Answer 144

Stretch reflex is a monosynaptic

Answer 145

Stretch reflex is a polysynaptic

Answer 146

Inverse stretch reflex is a withdrawal reflex

Answer 147

Annulospiral and flower-spray in endings muscle spindle

Answer 148

Deepest part of NREM sleep

Answer 149

Lower muscle tone in skeletal muscle

Answer 150

More than 50% of normal EEG

Answer 151

Spindles of theta waves

Answer 152

medial geniculate body

Answer 153

lateral geniculate body

Answer 154

retina, small retina cells

Answer 155

optic disc and optic radiation

Answer 156

purkinje cells

Answer 157

bipolar cells, photosensitive cells and ganglion cells

Answer 158

optic chiasm

Answer 159

neurons of visual cortex

Answer 160

a, b, c, f, g

Answer 161

a, b, c, d, e

Answer 162

a, c, f, b, g

Answer 163

a, b, f, d, e

Answer 164

Cerebral cortex

Answer 165

Transmitted by unmyelinated fibers

Answer 166

Bright and easy to localise

Answer 167

Transmitted by myelinated A fibers (delta)

Answer 168

Short lasting pain signals (sharp)

Answer 169

Rapidly adapting

Answer 170

Slow adapting

Answer 171

Large area of skin - large receptive field size

Answer 172

Small area of skin

Answer 173

Ataxia, failure of progression

Answer 174

Poor coordination, decomposition of body movements

Answer 175

Intention tremor

Answer 176

Resting tremor

Answer 177

Adiadochonkinesia/ dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 178

cerebellar nystagmus (tremor of eyes)

Answer 179

past pointing, dysmetria & hypotonia

Answer 180

Scala tympani

Answer 181

Scala media

Answer 182

scala vestibuli

Answer 183

golgi tendon organ

Answer 184

ampulae of semicircular canal

Answer 185

nociceptor

Answer 186

muscle spindle

Answer 187

Ia sensory fibers

Answer 188

Ib sensory fibers

Answer 189

A delta fiber

Answer 190

excitatory interneurons

Answer 191

inhibitory interneurons

Answer 192

alpha motor neurons

Answer 193

Located medially to optic disc

Answer 194

Located superior to optic disc

Answer 195

Located laterally to optic disc (temporal)

Answer 196

Located inferior to optic disc

Answer 197

Is located in center of macula lutea of retina

Answer 198

Is closely packed with cones

Answer 199

Greatest visual acuity (central vision)

Answer 200

postganglionic parasympathetic

Answer 201

preganglionic Parasympathetic

Answer 202

postganglionic sympathetic

Answer 203

preganglionic sympathetic

Answer 204

Alpha motor

Answer 205

The Ia afferents from the quadriceps muscle spindle increase their rate of firing

Answer 206

The Ib afferents from the Golgi tendon organ increase their rate of firing

Answer 207

The alpha-motoneurons innervating the extradural muscle fibers increase their rate of firing

Answer 208

The gamma-motoneurons innervating the intrafusal muscle increase their rate of firing

Answer 209

The alpha-motoneurons to the antagonist muscles increase their rate of firing

Answer 210

Inhibitory interneuron of the spinal cord

Answer 211

Gamma motor neuron innervating extratusal skeletal muscle cells

Answer 212

Golgi tendon organ

Answer 213

Ib sensory fiber from the annulospinal ending

Answer 214

Alpha-motor neuron innervating extrafusal skeletal muscle cells

Answer 215

C fiber collecting input from the muscle spindle

Answer 216

Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from type la sensory fiber

Answer 217

Hyperpolarization and photoreceptor

Answer 218

Activation of transduction

Answer 219

Increase of the concentration of cGMP

Answer 220

Changing of the retinal configuration from the cis-form to the more energetic trans-form

Answer 221

Closure of the cGMP dependent Na+ channel

Answer 222

Reduction of the concentration of cGMP

Answer 223

Frequency of vibration of the basilar membrane differs frequency of vibration of the ear drum

Answer 224

The apical part of the basilar membrane resonate the most in response to the tone of 200Hz

Answer 225

Outer hair cells of the cochlea help to discriminate loudness of the sound

Answer 226

Inner hair cells of the cochlea function as detectors of the tone pitch

Answer 227

Tone of 20kHz produces vibration of the entire basilar membrane

Answer 228

Activation of G-protein complex (Golf)

Answer 229

Activation of the adenyl cyclase and synthesis of cAMP

Answer 230

Ca2+ opens Cl-outward channels that produce depolarization that reaches axon hillock

Answer 231

Generation of the action potential in cilia of the olfactory cells

Answer 232

1, 2, 3, 4

Answer 233

2, 3, 4, 5

Answer 234

1, 2, 3, 5

Answer 235

2, 3, 4, 5

Answer 236

2, 1, 3, 4, 5

Answer 237

1, 2, 4, 5

Answer 238

2, 1, 4, 5

Answer 239

Threshold potential equals -40mV in standard neurons.

Answer 240

Threshold potential is the minimum amplitude of the stimulus which is able to elicit action potential.

Answer 241

The lower the threshold potential, the higher cell excitability.

Answer 242

Threshold potential is the membrane charge able to open voltage gated channels initiating spontaneous distribution of excitation.

Answer 243

Activation of nicotinic receptor of the skeletal muscle cell generates action potential of the motor end plate.

Answer 244

Binding of Ach to the nicotinic receptor produces end plate potential.

Answer 245

End plate potential of the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell is produced by the ligand gated channel.

Answer 246

Activation of the muscarinic M1 receptor produces IPSP of the motor end-plate.

Answer 247

The G-protein that breaks down cGMP.

Answer 248

Extremely sensitive to light. It begins phototransduction being entered by a single photon of light.

Answer 249

A metabotropic G-protein coupled receptor.

Answer 250

The ionotropic receptor gated by GABA (GABAC receptor)

Answer 251

Embedded in the membrane of free floating discs of the outer segment of the rod cell.

Answer 252

50 mm beyond the lens.

Answer 253

25 mm beyond the lens and it is always located on the fovea

Answer 254

2 cm beyond the lens.

Answer 255

50 mm in front of the lens

Answer 256

All spinal pathways to cerebral cortex pass through transitional nuclei of thalamus.

Answer 257

They conduct exteroceptive, proprioceptive and auditory sensation.

Answer 258

Unconscious proprioceptive sensation terminates with mossy fibers on granule cells of cerebellar cortex.

Answer 259

Their second neurons can be located in spinal cord or medulla oblongata.

Answer 260

Are excited by climbing fibers from the olivary nuclei

Answer 261

Collect efferent output from deep cerebellar nuclei.

Answer 262

Are located in molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex

Answer 263

Release GABA from their axon terminals. They produce inhibitory effect to deep cerebellar nuclei.

Answer 264

Lateral spinothalmic tract

Answer 265

The same pathway as the vibration and fine, precise touch

Answer 266

The same pathway as the input from thermoreceptors

Answer 267

Pathways of concious and unconscious proprioception

Answer 268

They terminate in form of flower spray endings in peripheral part of the muscle spindle

Answer 269

Their bodies are located in intermediolateral part of the grey matter of the spinal cord (lateral horn).

Answer 270

They terminate in form of plate and trail endings on the nuclear bag and the nuclear chain fibres of muscle spindles.

Answer 271

They are lower motor neurons of the reticulospinal tract.

Answer 272

Mechanoreceptors of the vestibular organ.

Answer 273

Mechanoreceptors of the organ of Corti.

Answer 274

Annulospiral endings and flower spray ending of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

Answer 275

Nociceptors of the slow pain pathways.

Answer 276

Inward calcium current via the ryanodine receptor of the cellular membrane.

Answer 277

Activation of the IP3 receptor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 278

Shortening of sarcomere

Answer 279

Formation of calcium-calmodulin complex.

Answer 280

Conduction deafness develops in effect of damage of the cochlea of the inner ear.

Answer 281

In conduction deafness, bone conduction of sound is better/longer than air conduction in Rinne test.

Answer 282

In Schwabach test, bone conduction of sound of the healthy examiner is better than bone conduction of the patient suffering from sensorineural loss of hearing.

Answer 283

In Weber test, sound lateralizes (is heard louder) toward defected ear in conduction deafness.

Answer 284

It produces postsynaptic inhibition decreasing neural excitability.

Answer 285

It produces presynaptic inhibition within neural axons decreasing their threshold of excitability.

Answer 286

It increases the amount of GABA – spinal neurotransmitter producing IPSP

Answer 287

It has no effect on the threshold of excitability of neurons.

Answer 288

It creates anesthetic effect by interrupting of propagation of the exteroception, including pain, via nerves.

Answer 289

Alpha-motor neuron projecting its axon to skeletal muscle cells.

Answer 290

Excitatory interneuron of the spinal cord.

Answer 291

The muscle spindle aligned parallel to extrafusal muscle fibers.

Answer 292

Alpha-motor neuron projecting its axon to the flexor muscles of the ipsilateral limb.

Answer 293

Golgi tendon organ.

Answer 294

Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from A delta fiber.

Answer 295

Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from A alpha sensory fiber.

Answer 296

Far point of vision can be located even 1 meter from the eye.

Answer 297

It is related to increased focal length of the eyeball.

Answer 298

It is related to decreased focal length of the eyeball.

Answer 299

Far objects are focused on retina while near objects behind the retina.

Answer 300

Near objects are focused on retina while far objects in front of the retina.

Answer 301

It is modulated by inhibitory interneurons of substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn.

Answer 302

It is transmitted by unmyelinated C-fibers.

Answer 303

It is conducted via midline and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus to the cingulate gyrus of the cortex.

Answer 304

It is not transmitted to the cerebral cortex, it reaches only limbic system and hypothalamus.

Answer 305

It is “bright”, easily localized pain, transmitted by Ad-fibers (A delta).

Answer 306

It is intensified by neurons of substantia gelatinosa (SG).

Answer 307

Temporal half of the left retina.

Answer 308

Temporal half of the right retina.

Answer 309

Nasal half of the left retina.

Answer 310

Nasal half of the right retina.

Answer 311

Both right hemiretinas (right halves of both retinas)

Answer 312

Renshaw cells receive the output from alpha motor neurons and perform their recurrent inhibition.

Answer 313

Inhibitory interneurons are involved in eliciting myotatic reflexes.

Answer 314

In effect of reciprocal innervation, inhibitory interneurons bring relaxation of extensor muscles in withdrawal reflex.

Answer 315

Inhibitory interneurons of the cord are mostly GABAergic, mediating IPSP and cellular hyperpolarization via GABAA receptor.

Answer 316

Receive efferent fibers from deep cerebellar cortex

Answer 317

Exited by climbing fibers

Answer 318

Inhibited by mossy fibers

Answer 319

Connected with caudate nucleus

Answer 320

Granule cells strongly excites purkinje cells

Answer 321

Climbing cells are from inferior olivary nucleus

Answer 322

Climbing cells can excite mossy fibers

Answer 323

Granule cells are part of cerebellum

Answer 324

They maintain activity of Ia afferent

Answer 325

They detect the length of extrafusal muscle fibres

Answer 326

They produce contraction of nuclear bag and chain fibres

Answer 327

They stimulate the activity of Ib fibres

Answer 328

Endocrine cells of medulla of adrenal gland

Answer 329

Sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells of urinary bladder

Answer 330

Sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells

Answer 331

Sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells of systemic veins -

Answer 332

Appears when patients eyes are open

Answer 333

Low frequencies high amplitude in NREM sleep

Answer 334

Forms sleep spindles in EEG

Answer 335

Appears over occipital lobes when eyes are closed

Answer 336

Measured mostly on frontal lobe for conscious thought

Answer 337

Degeneration of rhodopsin

Answer 338

Regeneration of light sensitive of rhodopsin

Answer 339

Constriction of pupil

Answer 340

Dilation of pupil

Answer 341

Increased sensitivity of retina for light

Answer 342

In the top row of the Snellen chart letters are separated by 1 arc. It can be read from 50m away

Answer 343

It is the nearest point to the eye at which an object can be brought into clear focus by accommodation

Answer 344

Is related to the smallest angle by which two points can be separated and still perceived as two points.

Answer 345

Is determined by ophthalmoscope

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Physiology Exam 2022 - Cycle 2

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