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[blank_start]Surface run off[blank_end] is water flowing across the surface of the earth
Interception is water [blank_start]collecting[blank_end] on objects
[blank_start]infiltration[blank_end] is water soaking into soil
Thorughflow is when water seeps through [blank_start]soil[blank_end] towards a [blank_start]river/ the sea[blank_end]
[blank_start]Percolation[blank_end] - downward movement of water below water table
transpiration water [blank_start]evapourating[blank_end] from plant's [blank_start]leaves[blank_end]
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Surface run off
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collecting
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infiltration
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soil
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river/ the sea
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Percolation
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evapourating
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leaves
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A drainage basin is...
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an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries
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an area of land which is drained for its water
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An area of land that experiences severe drought
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the boundary of a basin is called its...
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border
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watershed
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water line
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Large rivers have [blank_start]vast[blank_end] drainage basins eg. the [blank_start]nile[blank_end]
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precipitation outside the river's drainage basin will...
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flow to the sea
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just soak into ground
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flow into another river
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Physical causes of flooding
[blank_start]Prolonged[blank_end] heavy rain - ground becomes [blank_start]saturated[blank_end] so can't absorb any more [blank_start]water[blank_end]
[blank_start]Short burst[blank_end] of heavy rain - ground can't absorb water [blank_start]quick[blank_end] [blank_start]enough[blank_end] so runs into [blank_start]river[blank_end] which then burst = [blank_start]flash[blank_end] floods
Rapid snow [blank_start]melt[blank_end] - increases water [blank_start]flowing[blank_end] into river, can be too much so river [blank_start]bursts[blank_end] its banks.
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Prolonged
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saturated
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water
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Short burst
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river
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flash
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quick
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enough
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melt
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flowing
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bursts
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Human causes of flooding
[blank_start]Urbanisation[blank_end] - [blank_start]tarmac[blank_end] + concrete so water doesn't [blank_start]infiltrate[blank_end] drains take it straight to rivers decreasing [blank_start]lag[blank_end] time
[blank_start]Deforistation[blank_end] - less [blank_start]interception[blank_end] so more [blank_start]surface[blank_end] [blank_start]run[blank_end] [blank_start]off[blank_end]. Also more [blank_start]soil[blank_end] washed into rivers reducing river [blank_start]capacity[blank_end]
River [blank_start]management[blank_end] - effect river [blank_start]elsewhere[blank_end]
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Urbanisation
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tarmac
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infiltrate
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lag
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Deforistation
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interception
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surface
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run
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off
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soil
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capacity
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management
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elsewhere
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label the hydrograoh
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Sustainable flood control includes:
new [blank_start]technology[blank_end] - rivers are monitored so [blank_start]warnings[blank_end] can be given
[blank_start]afforestation[blank_end] in upper catchment area - more [blank_start]interception[blank_end]
[blank_start]Dams[blank_end] and reservoirs - control of discharge and used for [blank_start]hydroelectric[blank_end] power and lakes used for [blank_start]recreation[blank_end]
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technology
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warnings
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afforestation
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interception
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Dams
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hydroelectric
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recreation
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Today focus on sustainable river management called integrated management, which uses
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Soft engineering
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Hard engineering
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[blank_start]Environment[blank_end] agency warn about floods, their advice is to:
prepare [blank_start]emergency[blank_end] kits
keep phone [blank_start]charged[blank_end]
prepare [blank_start]sandbags[blank_end]
move [blank_start]electrical[blank_end] / [blank_start]valuable[blank_end] goods to [blank_start]high[blank_end] places
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emergency
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Environment
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charged
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sandbags
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electrical
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valuable
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high
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Soft engineering includes:
[blank_start]zoning[blank_end] - stop planning permission on flood [blank_start]planes[blank_end]
plant water [blank_start]loving[blank_end] plants to soak up water and reduce water [blank_start]table[blank_end]
[blank_start]afforestation[blank_end] - increase interception
digging a flood [blank_start]relief[blank_end] channel - provide another path for water when [blank_start]discharge[blank_end] to high
[blank_start]dredging[blank_end] to remove [blank_start]silt[blank_end] - increase capacity
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zoning
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planes
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loving
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table
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afforestation
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relief
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discharge
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dredging
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silt
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[blank_start]hard[blank_end] engineering includes
building [blank_start]embankments[blank_end] to increase [blank_start]capacity[blank_end] of the river
channelisation - [blank_start]straightening[blank_end] and [blank_start]deepening[blank_end] river so it flows [blank_start]faster[blank_end]
Building [blank_start]Dams[blank_end] and reservoirs - [blank_start]traps[blank_end] water slowly [blank_start]releasing[blank_end], stop [blank_start]river[blank_end] becoming overwhelmed
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embankments
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capacity
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hard
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straightening
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deepening
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faster
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Dams
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traps
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releasing
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river
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Which are true for channelisation
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can cause flooding further down the river as water gets there too quickly
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it is a method of soft engineering
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channel must be reinforced to stop it reverting to natural course
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can decrease water table
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Hydraulic action is when rocks collide, eroding cliff/bank as they scrape of material with them
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Attrition is when rocks collide with one another so breaking into smaller pices
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Abrasion is the force of running water undercutting banks and eroding beds
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Force of running water eroding the bank
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When rocks collide with each other and are broken into smaller pieces
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When minerals from rocks are dissolved and carried by the river
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What erosion occurs in the plunge pool?
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attrition
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abrasion
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solution
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undercutting is caused by [blank_start]abrasion[blank_end] from the [blank_start]load[blank_end] of the river and [blank_start]hydraulic[blank_end] action from the force of [blank_start]running[blank_end] water
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abrasion
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load
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hydraulic
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running
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when waterfalls move upstream what do they create
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In water falls an overhang is caused by [blank_start]undercutting[blank_end]. This occurs because there is a [blank_start]band[blank_end] of [blank_start]hard[blank_end] rock above [blank_start]softer[blank_end] rock
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undercutting
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band
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hard
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softer
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large rocks being dragged and rolled along the bed is called
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suspension
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saltation
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solution
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traction
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smaller sediment being bounced along the bed of the river
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saltation
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suspension
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solution
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fine particles of silt/clay held in the water
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solution
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suspension
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tracction
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As the river flows through lower lying land:
Discharge is [blank_start]higher[blank_end]
gradient is [blank_start]lower[blank_end]
bedload is [blank_start]smaller[blank_end]
[blank_start]lateral[blank_end] erosion more prominent than downwards erosion
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higher
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lower
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smaller
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lateral
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Formation of meander and ox bow lake
1) water flows faster on [blank_start]outside[blank_end] so [blank_start]erodes[blank_end] more quickly, [blank_start]deposition[blank_end] occurs on inside
2) river [blank_start]floods[blank_end] so then takes [blank_start]easiest[blank_end] route
3) more water flows through [blank_start]easier[blank_end] straight route
4) [blank_start]meander[blank_end] cut off
5) ox bow [blank_start]lake[blank_end] forms and eventually [blank_start]dries[blank_end] up
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outside
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erodes
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deposition
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floods
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easiest
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easier
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meander
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lake
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dries
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A river drops its load when...
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it doesn't have enough energy to carry
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it doesn't have a large enough gradient
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it doesn't have a high enough discharge
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[blank_start]larger[blank_end] sediment is deposited first
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pebbles, gravel, sand and silt is deposited in the
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middle and lower course
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upper and lower course
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upper and middle course
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dissolved load is carried out to sea
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Mouth of a river
forms a wide funnel shape called an [blank_start]estuary[blank_end]
Estuaries are [blank_start]tidal[blank_end] and a mix of [blank_start]fresh[blank_end] and salt water
deposition of [blank_start]salt[blank_end] and [blank_start]clay[blank_end] here form mud [blank_start]flats[blank_end] and [blank_start]salt[blank_end] marshes
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estuary
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fresh
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tidal
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salt
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salt
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flats
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clay
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Deltas forms when silt accumulates at the mouth of the river because...
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there is too much of it
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the sea can't move it
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it joins together