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Frage 1
Frage
Prosocial behaviour is:
Antworten
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Behaviour only intended to help oneself
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Behaviour intended to help others without the expectation of reward for the effort(s)
Frage 2
Frage
A man sexually assaulted Kitty Genovese in 1964. There were reportedly 38 witnesses in the 30-minute span in which it had occurred. Darley and Latané (1968) highlighted that all the witnesses involved would have been aware of others that were there to see it as well. What was this effect called?
Antworten
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The bystander effect
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The witness effect
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The Latané effect
Frage 3
Frage
According to Darley and Latané (1968), were participants more or less likely to help when the participant was alone?
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More likely
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Less likely
Frage 4
Frage
According to Darley and Latané (1968), were participants more or less likely to help when there were up to four others involved that required additional help?
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More likely
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Less likely
Frage 5
Frage
Was there a significant difference when it came to sex differences in the Darley and Latané (1968) study?
Antworten
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Yes
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No
Frage 6
Frage
Was there a significant difference when it came to whether or not a bystander was medically qualified in the Darley and Latané (1968) study?
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Yes
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No
Frage 7
Frage
Manning (et al., 2007) criticised the Darley and Latané (1968) study. How many witnesses were there at the scene?
Antworten
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6
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10
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25
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More than 100
Frage 8
Frage
According to Manning (et al., 2007) did witnesses call the police after the man's initial attack (Darley and Latané, 1968)?
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Yes, they did
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No, they did not
Frage 9
Frage
According to Manning (et al., 2007) did witnesses attempt to notify the police (Darley and Latané, 1968)?
Antworten
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Yes, they did
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No, they did not
Frage 10
Frage
Did Dickerson (2012) find there to be erroneous reporting in the Kitty Genovese case?
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Yes, they have existed for decades now
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No, it was completely verified
Frage 11
Frage
What do the Dickerson (2012) findings imply?
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A culture of consensual, uncritical acceptance
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A culture of hate and discrimination
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A culture of repetition
Frage 12
Frage
Are the Dickerson (2012) findings largely within the realm of social psychology, or out of it?
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Largely within it
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Largely out of it
Frage 13
Frage
According to the Piliavin, Rodin, and Piliavin (1969) findings, did onlookers spontaneously help when a person collapsed on a train?
Antworten
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Yes, 62/65 times (95.4%)
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No, 3/65 times (4.6%)
Frage 14
Frage
Did the proportion of people that helped a person who had collapsed spontaneously on a train differ significantly dependent on its cause?
Antworten
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Yes, it did (eg, heart attack vs. alcoholism)
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No, it did not, people helped anyway
Frage 15
Frage
Can the bystander effect explain the results found by Piliavin, Rodin, and Piliavan (1969) for prosocial behaviour on a train for someone who has spontaneously collapsed?
Antworten
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Yes
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No
Frage 16
Frage
In discussion of the role of attribution in prosocial behaviour, how successful was the request for notes when there was no internal attribution (eg, "Someone stole my notes at lunch break")?
Antworten
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A lot more successful compared to "I went to the beach"
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A lot less successful compared to versions such as "My dog ate my homework"
Frage 17
Frage
In discussing the role of attribution in prosocial behaviour, what are the effects of being helped when a person appears inebriated (eg, drunk) or smells of alcohol?
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Chances are greatly reduced
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Chances are greatly increased
Frage 18
Frage
Between the two groups, who is more likely to be helped by bystanders in terms of prosocial behaviour: welfare recipients or the poor?
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Welfare recipients (internal attribution)
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The poor (external attribution)
Frage 19
Frage
When people decide to help another person, do they go through a list of internal cognitive processes?
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Yes, they do
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No, it's unlikely that they do
Frage 20
Frage
Piliavin (et al., 1981) incorporated a model to explain prosocial behaviour. It has (a) physical or psychological arousal, (b) the attribution of the cause of arousal, and (c) a cost-benefit analysis - or diffusion of responsibility. What is the made of the model?
Antworten
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The Arousal Cost-Reward Model
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The Cost Attribution Model
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The Prosocial Attribution Model
Frage 21
Frage
According to Piliavin (et al., 1981), participants perceive a situation to be more or less costly when others are involved?
Antworten
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More costly
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Less costly
Frage 22
Frage
In a Darley and Latané (1968) study, participants conducted an internal cost-benefit analysis of whether or not to report a seizure. What were the arousal levels of the non-reporting participants?
Antworten
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They were more emotionally aroused
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They were less emotionally aroused
Frage 23
Frage
In a Darley and Latané (1968) study, participants conducted an internal cost-benefit analysis of whether or not to report a seizure. What happened to the non-responding participants?
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They acted quickly and reported it
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They were very indecisive
Frage 24
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In a Darley and Latané (1968) study, participants conducted an internal cost-benefit analysis of whether or not to report a seizure. What happened to the participants that were indecisive?
Antworten
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The cost of not helping gradually reduced and the conflict became acute
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The cost of not helping was increased and the conflict became reduced
Frage 25
Frage
A criticism of prosocial behaviour explanations in terms of its focus is that:
Antworten
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It is too individualistic
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It is not individualistic enough
Frage 26
Frage
Do prosocial behaviour explanations account for groups or the socially-constructed natures of prosocial behaviour?
Antworten
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Yes, they do account for that
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No, they do not account for that in local interactional contexts (eg, arguments) or wider sociocultural contexts (eg, ideologies)
Frage 27
Frage
Participants' football team preferences were made salient in the Levine (et al., 2005) study. What happened when participants encountered a jogger that had hurt their ankle when running?
Antworten
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Participants were more likely to help if they were wearing a shirt of their preferred team (92%)
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Participants were less likely to help if they were wearing a shirt of their preferred team (8%)
Frage 28
Frage
Participants' football team preferences were made salient in the Levine (et al., 2005) study. What happened when the jogger was dressed as a supporter of their own team?
Antworten
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They helped the most (80%)
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They did not help the most (20%)
Frage 29
Frage
Participants' football team preferences were made salient in the Levine (et al., 2005) study. What happened when the jogger was dressed as supporters of a different team to the participants?
Antworten
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They helped them (70%)
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They didn't help them (30%)
Frage 30
Frage
Participants' football team preferences were made salient in the Levine (et al., 2005) study. What happened when the jogger was dressed without a football shirt on?
Antworten
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They did help
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They didn't help (20%)
Frage 31
Frage
According to Levine (et al., 2005) what effect does the perception of common group perception and attitudes have on prosocial behaviour?
Antworten
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Common group membership increases the likelihood of prosocial behaviour
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Common group membership does not necessarily increase the likelihood of prosocial behaviour
Frage 32
Frage
According to the Levine (et al., 2005) findings, do relevant group identities need to become more active or salient during specific times for prosocial behaviour to become more plausible?
Antworten
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Yes, it does
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No, it does not
Frage 33
Frage
What did Saucier, Miller, and Doucet (2005) find in their 31-study review of the levels of prosocial behaviour between black and white students?
Antworten
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White students were less likely to help black students
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White students were more likely to help black students
Frage 34
Frage
Do the findings by Saucier, Miller, and Doucet (2005) highlight both racism and ingroup-outgroup mentalities?
Antworten
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Yes, they do
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No, they do not
Frage 35
Frage
According to the social constructionist perspective, are the descriptors of prosocial behaviour accurate? Furthermore, can they be used by anyone?
Antworten
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Yes, they can comprise of all realities
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No, they are not direct representations of reality, only one of many
Frage 36
Frage
Does the overly individualistic focus on prosocial behaviour neglect localised interactional context in which attributions are made?
Antworten
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Yes, they do
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No, they don't
Frage 37
Frage
According to Dickerson (2012), if the attributions through explanatory talk are being used to justify certain behaviours in a certain light, can they be treated as direct or straightforward representations?
Antworten
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Yes, they can
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No, they cannot
Frage 38
Frage
Ichheiser (1943) argued that attributions are not simply single cognitive events because they must be considered in wider social contexts. According to Cherry (1995):
Antworten
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Widespread abuse of women during the 1960s was largely ignored and the police were reticent to intervene
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There is too much conflicting evidence to suggest that there was a salient culture on domestic abuse during the 1960s
Frage 39
Frage
Ichheiser (1943) argued that attributions are not simply single cognitive events because they must be considered in wider social contexts. Can giving money to homeless people be constructed differently depending on where you are?
Antworten
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No, because giving money to the homeless is universally seen as a good thing
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Yes, because not everyone everywhere sees homeless people in the same way - largely because of sociopolitical cultures
Frage 40
Frage
Ichheiser (1943) argued that attributions are not simply single cognitive events because they must be considered in wider social contexts. Were the "good samaritans" of the 1930s really prosocial?
Antworten
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Yes, they were
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No, the only thought that they were good people at the time because of the sociopolitical context (eg, Nazi government in Germany during the World War)
Frage 41
Frage
Foucault mentioned that psychology researchers' constructions may be upholding particular ideologies. If we construct psychology as "neutral" or "value-free", could we be subtly reinforcing and legitimising oppressive attitudes (eg, racism, sexism)?
Antworten
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Yes, we could be
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No, I do not think so
Frage 42
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Burr (2006) noted how psychology constructs itself as "neutral" or "value-free". For example, it highlights variables, uses scientific jargon, is written in third-person, and does not reflect on social influences in its research. Does this construction distract from the researcher's own personal interests?
Antworten
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Yes, because they don't believe them to be necessary
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No, because they are being objective
Frage 43
Frage
Did Darley and Latané (1968) omit a crucial item of information in the Kitty Genovese case, according to Cherry (1995), in which a man was attacking a woman?
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Yes, they did
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No, they did not
Frage 44
Frage
According to Cherry (1995) in regards to the Darley and Latané (1968) study on Kitty Genovese, was this a neutral thing to do?
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Yes, it was at the time
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No, because ignoring social norms is a subtle acceptance and upholding of oppressive attitudes
Frage 45
Frage
Did Darley and Latané (1968) believe that they were contributing to research that now believes crowds facilitate antisocial behaviour?
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Yes, they did believe that
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No, they did not believe that
Frage 46
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Burr (2006) suggested two ways that psychologists can use to avoid subtly reinforcing oppressive attitudes. One of them is:
Antworten
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By not using qualitative methods with holistic understandings of meanings that the events hold in a number of contexts
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By using qualitative methods with holistic understandings of meaning that the events hold in a number of contexts (eg, where the research started)
Frage 47
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Burr (2006) suggested two ways that psychologists can use to avoid subtly reinforcing oppressive attitudes. Another way is to:
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Not employ "constant reflexivity" where sociocultural assumptions and biases do not underlie research and could not be critiqued in the future
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Employ "constant reflexivity" where sociocultural assumptions and biases do underlie research and are open to critique in the future
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