Frage 1
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Glia cells have to categories: Microglia and Macroglia
One type pf microglia are [blank_start]Macrophages[blank_end] that are responsible for cleaning up dead tisse
The three types of [blank_start]Macroglia[blank_end] are Asctocytes, Oligodendrocytes, and Schwann Cells
Antworten
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Macrophages
-
Astrocytes
-
Oligodendrocytes
-
Schwann Cells
-
Macroglia
-
Macrophages
-
Microglia
-
Masterglia
Frage 2
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What type of Glial cell provides physical support, chemical support, and creates the blood brain barrier?
Antworten
-
Astrocytes
-
Oligodendrocytes
-
Schwann Cells
Frage 3
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What type of glial cell creates a myelin sheath, assists in conduction, and is confined to the CNS?
Antworten
-
Astrocytes
-
Schwann Cells
-
Oligodendrocytes
Frage 4
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What type of glial cell are single cells that wrap around axons, create the myelin sheath, assist in conduction, and are confined to the PNS?
Antworten
-
Oligodendrocytes
-
Astrocytes
-
Schwann Cells
Frage 5
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Typically there is more...
Frage 6
Frage
What equation describes the relation between concentration differences of a permeating ion (free flow) across a membrane and the membrane potential at equilibrium?
Antworten
-
The Goldman Equation
-
V=IR
-
The Nernst Equation
-
v=m/s
Frage 7
Frage
In the Nernst equation the shortcut numbers from valence 1 (Na+, K+) and 18 degrees to 37 degrees and from valence 2 (Ca2+) and 18 to 37 degrees are...
Antworten
-
58,29,30.5,61
-
58,61,29,30.5
-
57,61,28,30.5
-
29,30.5,58,61
Frage 8
Frage
When using the Nernst equation for ions with a negative valence (Cl-) you must switch the concentration protion of the equation to Cin/Cout rather than Cout/Cin
Frage 9
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With ion free flow..
K+ should produce a [blank_start]-[blank_end]'ve environment inside the cell
Na+ should produce a [blank_start]+[blank_end]'ve environment inside the cell
Cl- should produce a [blank_start]-[blank_end]'ve environment inside the cell
Frage 10
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What equation takes into account permeability and assumes infinite permeability with regard to ion movement?
Antworten
-
The Nernst Equation
-
The Goldman Equation
-
The Ion Equation
-
None of the above
Frage 11
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The resting voltage potential of...
K+ is [blank_start]-75[blank_end]mV
Na+ is [blank_start]+54[blank_end]mV
Cl- is [blank_start]-56[blank_end]mV
Frage 12
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When a membrane moved from -65mV -> a more negative value it is known as
Antworten
-
Depolarization
-
Hyperpolarization
-
Neutral polarization
-
Additive polarization
Frage 13
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The time constant (t) represents how quickly membrane potential changes with charge and...
Antworten
-
Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 53% of its max V
-
Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 67% of its max V
-
Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 63% of its max V
Frage 14
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The statement below correstond to:
- anything physical preventing movement of charge down an axon
- the ability of charge to leak from the axon
Antworten
-
Ri and Rm
-
Rm and Ri
-
Rf and Ri
-
Rt and Rm
Frage 15
Frage
The length constant lambda measures how far along an axon you have to travel before there is a significant change in membrane potential (27% of initial V)
Frage 16
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What are the passive electrical properties?
Frage 17
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An excitatory response usually refers to the movement of [blank_start]Na+[blank_end] ions, and an inhibitory response is often refering to the movement of [blank_start]Cl-[blank_end] ions.
Frage 18
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What are the characteristics of an Axon Hillock?
Antworten
-
Its the origin of the action potential
-
It is known as the integration center
-
It is dense in voltage gates Na+ Channels
-
It is dense in GAP Junctions
-
It is the origin of the axon form the cell body
Frage 19
Frage
Ion Channels have...
Antworten
-
4 domains
-
6 domains
-
4 membrane spanning segments
-
6 membrane spanning segments
-
an "l-loop" to create a pore for ions to travel through
-
a "p-loop" to create a pore for ions to travel through
Frage 20
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[blank_start]A Ligand Gated Channel[blank_end]: depends on ligand presence
[blank_start]Phosphorylation Gated Channel[blank_end]: if an intracellular component is phosphorylated the channel will open
[blank_start]Stretch or Pressure Gated Channel[blank_end]: Cytoskeletal proteins adhere channel to membrane, any disruption of membrane causes cytoskeleton proteins to tighten-> channel opens
Frage 21
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K+ Voltage gated channels...
Frage 22
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What is the most important mode of ion channel selectivity?
Antworten
-
Chemoreception
-
Hydration Shells
-
Physical size
-
Shape
Frage 23
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What are the characteristics of an Action Potential?
Frage 24
Frage
The action potential:
[blank_start]Resting Phase[blank_end]: key components of AP are K+ channels and voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels
[blank_start]Depolarization[blank_end]: Charge already in axon moves from a different site, build up of positive charge
[blank_start]Rising phase[blank_end]: activation threshold passed, Na+ channels open, rapid depolarization
[blank_start]Overshoot[blank_end]: AP approaches Nernst potential for Na+
[blank_start]Falling Phase[blank_end]: Na+ channels become inactive, some K+ channels open
[blank_start]Undershoot[blank_end]: occurs because K+ channels cant close quickly, permeability to K+ greater than at rest
[blank_start]Repolarization[blank_end]: more K+ channels close, Na+/K+ pump returns the membrane to resting potential
Antworten
-
Resting Phase
-
Depolarization
-
Rising phase
-
Overshoot
-
Falling Phase
-
Undershoot
-
Repolarization
Frage 25
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The unidirectionality of the Action Potential is due to the fact that Na+ channels inactivate
Frage 26
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What are the periods of time after an AP where it is impossible and difficult to generate another AP?
Antworten
-
Relative and Absolute Refractory Period
-
Negative and Positive Refractory Period
-
Up and Down Refractory Period
-
Absolute and Relative Refractory Period
Frage 27
Frage
What makes it hard to trigger a second AP in close proximity to an initial AP?
Antworten
-
Increased K+ permeability
-
The temperature of the membrane
-
The inactivation of Na+ channels
-
The unidirectionality
-
The decreased membrane resistance
Frage 28
Frage
What factors influence the conduction velocity of an axon?
Antworten
-
Length
-
Diameter
-
Temperature
-
Shape
-
Myelination
-
None of the above
Frage 29
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Increased diameter increases internal resistance
Frage 30
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Decreased Ri leads to an increased lamda (length constant)
Frage 31
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Myelination effects Ri
Frage 32
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A 2 degree temperature change increases conduction my 2x
Frage 33
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increased diameter= decreased Ri= increased S.A= increased Rm
Frage 34
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What characterizes Gap Junctions?
Antworten
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Chemical synapses
-
Electrical synapses
-
Non-chemical communication
-
Slow response
-
Two hemi channels
-
Blocking connection between two cells
-
Ions and proteins can pass through
-
Rapid communication
-
Synchrony between cells
-
Bidirectional movement
Frage 35
Frage
You usually find Gap Junctions in cardiomycetes, in the retina, various aquatic animals (escape response, electrical), in glial cells, and in neurons
Frage 36
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What is the entire purpose of an Action Potential?
Frage 37
Frage
What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?
Antworten
-
GABA
-
Glutamate
-
Glucose
-
Dopamine
Frage 38
Frage
What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Antworten
-
GABA
-
Glutamate
-
Inhibin
-
Serotonin
Frage 39
Frage
An Axon Collateral is when an axon splits into a bunch of different arms (with the same AP) and activates a larger area of muscle tissue
Frage 40
Frage
The Nicotinic ACh Receptor has
Antworten
-
4 domains
-
5 domains
-
4 membrane spanning segments
-
5 membrane spanning segments
-
Needs 1 site bound with ACh for activation
-
Once open allows Na+ and K+ to pass through
-
Once open has a net hyper-polarizing effect
Frage 41
Frage
[blank_start]7[blank_end]. Degradation of the neurotransmitter by acetylcholinesterase
[blank_start]2[blank_end]. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels activate
[blank_start]4[blank_end]. ACh binding to ACh receptors
[blank_start]3[blank_end]. Exocytosis
[blank_start]8[blank_end]. Reuptake of broken down neurotransmitter
[blank_start]6[blank_end]. Na+ channel activation
[blank_start]5[blank_end]. Depolarization of the post synaptic cell
[blank_start]1[blank_end]. Depolarization, charge arrives at the terminal
Frage 42
Frage
What are the correct steps within neurotransmitter release?
[blank_start]4[blank_end]. Priming
[blank_start]1[blank_end]. Reserve Pool
[blank_start]6[blank_end]. Endocytosis
[blank_start]2[blank_end]. Targeting
[blank_start]5[blank_end]. Exocytosis
[blank_start]3[blank_end]. Docking
Frage 43
Frage
What are two types of v-snares?
Antworten
-
Synaptolagmin
-
Snap25
-
Syntaxin
-
Synaptobrevin
Frage 44
Frage
What are two t-snares with regard to vesicle binding?
Antworten
-
Synaptolagmin
-
Syntaxin
-
Snap25
-
Syntaptobrevin
Frage 45
Frage
In vesicle binding...
[blank_start]Targeting[blank_end]= vesicle moves close to membrane
[blank_start]Docking[blank_end]= snare complex
[blank_start]Priming[blank_end]= Ca2+ interacts with synaptolagmin
[blank_start]Fusion[blank_end]= opens up vesicle
Antworten
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Targeting
-
Docking
-
Priming
-
Fusion
Frage 46
Frage
[blank_start]Neuroendocrine[blank_end]= released by nerve cells into circulation-> target cell
[blank_start]Paracrine[blank_end]= released and diffuses to the target tissue through the extracellular fluid
[blank_start]Autocrine[blank_end]= target cell is the same cell releasing the hormone (must bind a receptor on membrane to activate pathway)
[blank_start]Neurocrine[blank_end]= neuron secretes in the immediate vicinity of target cell
[blank_start]Pheromone[blank_end]= released into the environment-> biological response
Antworten
-
Neuroendocrine
-
Paracrine
-
Autocrine
-
Neurocrine
-
Pheromone
Frage 47
Frage
What type of hormone is the most common in the body, and has an a.a backbone?
Frage 48
Frage
What hormone has a cholesterol backbone and includes androgens, estrogen, progesterone, and corticosteroids?
Frage 49
Frage
What hormone is produced by membranes?
Frage 50
Frage
With signal transduction from receptors what is the term for a hormone stimulating biological activity, blocking biological activity and for binding without stimulating biological activity?
Antworten
-
Competitive antagonists, antagonists and agonists
-
Antagonists, agonists, and competitive antagonists
-
agonists, antagonists, and competitive antagonists
-
agonists, competitive antagonists, and antagonists
Frage 51
Frage
K+1/K-1= Ka
This equation represents what of a hormone/receptor interaction?
Antworten
-
Affinity- how tightly the hormone was bound
-
Equilibrium Dissociation Constant
-
Equilibrium Association Constant
-
How such hormone is required for high affinity
-
units= M-1sec-1
-
units= sec-1
Frage 52
Frage
1/Ka=Kd
This equation represents what of a hormone/receptor interaction?
Antworten
-
Equilibrium Dissociation Constant
-
Equilibrium Association Constant
-
Affinity- how tightly a hormone will bind
-
How much of a hormone is required for high affinity
-
units= sec-1
-
units= M-1sec-1
Frage 53
Frage
A hormone that is more specific to the receptor requires a [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] concentration to reach Kd
Frage 54
Antworten
-
effective dose of a hormone giving half of the maximal response
-
a measure of potency
-
is a function of receptor affinity
-
is a set value for all receptors
-
a measure for receptor saturation
Frage 55
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upregulation refers to the increased production of receptors and downregulation refers to the decreased production of receptors
Frage 56
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Receptor capacity change effects [blank_start]max response[blank_end]
Receptor affinity effects [blank_start]ED50[blank_end]
Frage 57
Frage
What characteristics relate to intracellular receptors?
Antworten
-
They are in the cytoplasm or nucleus
-
They are in the membrane
-
Steroids and iodothyronines
-
receptor transitions into a transcription factor after its bound
-
Ultimately leads to the synthesis of new proteins
-
Ultimately leads to the synthesis of lipids
-
Associated with accesory proteins
Frage 58
Frage
What are the two types of membrane receptors?
Frage 59
Frage
Which statement about Receptor Tyrosine Kinases is TRUE?
Antworten
-
The alpha subunit is the extracellular and transmembrane segment
-
The beta subunit contains hormone binding side
-
Dimerization occurs after hormone binding
-
Leads to the dephosphorylation of proteins
Frage 60
Frage
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding ion channel receptors?
Antworten
-
The channel is a receptor but not an effector
-
The channel doesn't require hormone binding for activation
-
A conformational change occurs once the ligand binds
-
The channel is known as an intracellular receptor
Frage 61
Frage
Which of the following are types of G-proteins?
Frage 62
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Within a G-protein coupled receptor and the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, the subunit [blank_start]alpha[blank_end] acts as the effector enzyme
Frage 63
Frage
G-protein receptors Gs an Gi function to stimulate and inhibit...
Frage 64
Frage
Within the G-protein coupling pathway regarding adenylyl cyclase, what are the steps to biological response?
[blank_start]3[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of Adenylyl Cyclase
[blank_start]1[blank_end]. Substrate binds receptor
[blank_start]4[blank_end]. Activation of cAMP
[blank_start]6[blank_end]. Biological response
[blank_start]2[blank_end]. Dissociation of G-protein subunits
[blank_start]5[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues on target proteins
Frage 65
Frage
What enzyme reverses the action of cAMP?
Antworten
-
Glucanase
-
Cholesterase
-
Phosphodiesterase
-
Lipase
Frage 66
Frage
What characterizes Phosphodiesterase?
Antworten
-
inactivates cAMP by hydrolyzing the ring to 3' AMP
-
inactivates cAMP by hydrolyzing the ring to 5' AMP
-
inhibited by a family of methylxanthines (ex. caffeine)
-
inhibited by neurotransmitters
-
Has only 2 different forms
Frage 67
Frage
What characterizes Gq/11 G-proteins?
Antworten
-
Most known as Cl- mobilizing hormones
-
Most known as Ca2+ mobilizing hormones
-
Activates Phospholipase-C (PLC)
-
Activates Phosphodiesterases
-
Activates phosphatidyl inositol turnover
-
PLC converts phosphatidyl inositol to IP3 and DAG
(inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol)
Frage 68
Frage
The pathway sequence with regard to Gq G-proteins goes...
[blank_start]1[blank_end]. Binding of ligand to receptor
[blank_start]6[blank_end]. Increase in intracellular Ca2+
[blank_start]3[blank_end]. Dissociation of Galphaq subunit
[blank_start]7[blank_end]. Activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC)
[blank_start]4[blank_end]. Activation of phosphatidyl inositol and phospholipase C
[blank_start]9[blank_end]. Biological response
[blank_start]5[blank_end]. PLC converts PI into two messangers (IP3 and DAG)
[blank_start]2[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of Galphaq subunit
[blank_start]8[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of a.a residues on target proteins
Frage 69
Frage
The anterior pituitary is derived from dorsal outgrowth of [blank_start]buccal cavity[blank_end] ([blank_start]roof of mouth[blank_end])
The posterior pituitary [blank_start]embryologically[blank_end] derived from the [blank_start]brain[blank_end]
Antworten
-
buccal cavity
-
the brain
-
roof of mouth
-
the hypothalamus
-
embryologically
-
zygotically
-
physiologically
-
brain
-
roof of the mouth
Frage 70
Frage
Pituitary function is regulated by the production of neurohormones in the hypothalamus
Frage 71
Frage
The entire pituitary gland is also known as the....
Antworten
-
Neurohypophysis
-
Adenohypophysis
-
Hypophysis
-
Nuclei cluster
Frage 72
Frage
What characterizes Neurohypophysis?
Antworten
-
Pars Nervosa
-
Pars Distalis
-
Pars Intermedia
-
Oxytocin
-
Vasopressin (ADH)
-
Synthesis of hormones in the Pituitary
-
Synthesis of hormones in the Hypothalamus
-
Release into the blood stream
Frage 73
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What characterizes Adenohypophysis?
Frage 74
Frage
The sections of the pituitary...
Anterior lobe= Pars [blank_start]Distalis[blank_end]
Intermediate lobe= [blank_start]Pars Intermedia[blank_end]
[blank_start]Neural[blank_end] lobe/Posterior lobe= [blank_start]Pars Nervosa[blank_end]
Antworten
-
Distalis
-
Pars Intermedia
-
Pars Nervosa
-
Neural
Frage 75
Frage
Antidiuretic hormone (also known as AVP) acts through two types of receptors...
V1= mediate vascular [blank_start]smooth muscle contraction[blank_end] (ex. [blank_start]vasoconstriction[blank_end] leads to increase blood pressure)
V2= produces [blank_start]renal action[blank_end] of AVP (ex. [blank_start]conserves water[blank_end] to increase blood pressure)
Frage 76
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AVP secretion effect on blood pressure:
[blank_start]Increased[blank_end] BP->[blank_start]activation[blank_end] of baroreceptors->[blank_start]increased[blank_end] AVP secretion->increased [blank_start]H2O[blank_end] uptake (V2 receptor) and [blank_start]constriction[blank_end] of arterioles (V1 receptor)->increase BP
Antworten
-
Increased
-
Decreased
-
High
-
Low
-
activation
-
inhibition
-
lipid binding
-
increased
-
decreased
-
moderate
-
unnecessary
-
H2O
-
Salt
-
Sugar
-
Nutrient
-
Constriction
-
Dilation
-
Looping
Frage 77
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AVP effect on plasma osmolality:
Increased blood osmolality->[blank_start]activate[blank_end] osmoreceptors in CNS->[blank_start]increased[blank_end] AVP secretion->increased H2O [blank_start]retention[blank_end] (V2) and increased Na+ secretion (V2)->increased urine [blank_start]concentration[blank_end] and decreased urine [blank_start]volume[blank_end]
Antworten
-
activate
-
deactivate
-
inactivate
-
increased
-
decreased
-
maintained
-
retention
-
secretion
-
mediation
-
storage
-
concentration
-
fluidity
-
temperature
-
dilution
-
volume
-
flow
-
production rate
Frage 78
Frage
Oxytocin effects...
Antworten
-
Milk release after parturition
-
Blocks milk release
-
Stimulates uterine contraction
-
Inhibits uterine contraction
-
Stimulates contraction of myometrium
-
Inhibits contraction of myometrium
-
undergoes positive feedback
-
undergoes negative feedback
-
Secretion induced from stretching of birth canal in birth
Frage 79
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[blank_start]Negative[blank_end] feedback loops are responsible for maintaining homeostasis
Frage 80
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What is Family 1 of peptide hormones involved in adenohypophysis?
Frage 81
Frage
What s Family 2 of peptide hormones of adenohypophysis?
Frage 82
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What belongs to Family 3 of peptide hormones of adenohypophysis?
Frage 83
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What is an example(s) of glycoprotein hormone(s)?
Frage 84
Frage
What are examples of Gonadotropin hormones?
Frage 85
Frage
Family II of Peptide Hormones have two separate units, the alpha units which are the [blank_start]same[blank_end] for all peptide hormones and beta subunits which are [blank_start]different[blank_end] and confer the [blank_start]special function[blank_end] of the hormone
Antworten
-
same
-
regulated
-
variable
-
replacible
-
different
-
uniform
-
gelatenous
-
rare
-
special function
-
size
-
potency
-
necessity
Frage 86
Frage
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) has one gene that produces one protein that is cleaved in the ER in order to produce many biologically active fragments. They are cleaved by a family of prohormone convertases
Frage 87
Frage
What factors effect the release of Prolactin (PRL)?
Frage 88
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Prolactin is important in Reproduction and Growth and Development, but not Osmoregulation
Frage 89
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What are the reproductive actions of Prolactin in males?
Frage 90
Frage
What are the reproductive actions of Prolactin in females?
Antworten
-
Increase progesterone synthesis
-
Increase oxytocin synthesis
-
Synthesis of casein (milk protein) and fatty acids
-
Formation of uterine wall
-
Osmoregulatory in uterus
-
Hyperprolactinemia= reduced GnRH release and LH production
-
Hyperprolactinemia= increased GnRH release and LH production
Frage 91
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What characterizes Growth Hormones?
Frage 92
Frage
Hormones and factors that have an effect on Growth Hormone...
GHRH has a [blank_start]+[blank_end] effect
Somatostatin has a [blank_start]-[blank_end] effect
IGF-1 has a [blank_start]-[blank_end] effect
Hypoglycemia has a [blank_start]+[blank_end] effect
High protein meal has a [blank_start]+[blank_end] effect
Fatty acids have a [blank_start]-[blank_end] effect
Frage 93
Frage
GH deficiency early in life, and late in life causes respectively...
Antworten
-
weakness, low sex drive, and genital atrophy ---- Dwarfism
-
Dwarfism ---- weakness, low sex drive, and genital atrophy
Frage 94
Frage
Excess GH early in life and later in life cause respectively....
Frage 95
Frage
What factors effect TSH release?
Antworten
-
Temperature
-
TRH
-
T5
-
T4
-
T3
-
Osmoregulation
Frage 96
Frage
A goiter is a result of iodine deficiency leading to...
Antworten
-
High T3, and T4 and high TSH
-
Low T3 and T4 and low TSH
-
High T3 and T4 and high TSH
-
Low T3 and T4 and High TSH
Frage 97
Frage
Steps in the synthesis of Thyroid Hormones
[blank_start]3[blank_end]. Iodination of tyrosyl residues of thyroglobin molecules to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT)
[blank_start]1[blank_end]. Iodide trapping by active transport (symport with Na+)
[blank_start]4[blank_end]. Oxidative coupling of iodinated tyrosines-> form mainly T4 and less T3 (stored in colloid space)
[blank_start]2[blank_end]. Oxidation of iodide (I-) to iodine (I2) by iodide peroxidase
Frage 98
Frage
T3 is produced in tissues outside the thyroid gland from [blank_start]deiodination[blank_end] of T4 in liver kidneys, anterior pituitary, cerebral cortex, and brown fat.
Antworten
-
deiodination
-
iodination
-
hydrolyzation
-
lysis
Frage 99
Frage
Thyroid hormones are lipophobic and thus use intracellular receptors
Frage 100
Frage
What are the effects of TH on various target tissues?
Frage 101
Frage
Basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy to keep the body working properly, what specific hormone has a positive effect on BMR?
Frage 102
Frage
Thermogenesis with relation to TH:
Cold->neuroendocrine reflex->[blank_start]increased[blank_end] hypothalamic TRH->increased [blank_start]TSH[blank_end]->increased [blank_start]T4[blank_end] and [blank_start]T3[blank_end] production->thermogenesis
Antworten
-
increased
-
decreased
-
TSH
-
TRH
-
TH
-
T4
-
T5
-
T3
-
T2
Frage 103
Frage
What hormone is the key regulator of reproduction in vertebrates
Frage 104
Frage
What characterizes the hormone GnRH?
Antworten
-
Synthesis in neurosecratory neurons
-
Free floating in the extracellular fluid
-
Secreted in a pulsatile manner
-
Peptide hormone
-
Amino Acid hormone
Frage 105
Frage
GnRH acts to stimulate or suppress the reproductive process and cell division
Frage 106
Frage
________ stimulates _______ peptin and that stimulates __________.
Antworten
-
GnRH, Kiss, Estrogen
-
Kiss, Estrogen, GnRH
-
Estrogen, Kiss, GnRH
-
Kiss, GnRH, Estrogen
Frage 107
Frage
Birth control pills are made up of only estrogen
Frage 108
Frage
Binding proteins are critical in maintaining...
Frage 109
Frage
Effects of gonadal steroids in women...
Antworten
-
Estrogen can increase LH secretion
-
Estrogen effects mediated my Kiss Peptins
-
Inhibit the ovulatory surge of gonadotropins (mainly LH)
-
Combination of estrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH production
Frage 110
Frage
What two gonadal peptides shut off and activate GnRH production from pituitary?
Frage 111
Frage
Activin and inhibin are produced in the ovary and testis and are involved in the specific regulation of FSH where they stimulate of inhibit the secretion of FSH without effecting LH.
Frage 112
Frage
What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?
Antworten
-
Luteal
-
Shedding
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Stimulating
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Follicular
Frage 113
Antworten
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Maturation of oocyte and ovulation
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Result of stimulaiton from GnRH
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Surge result in maturation/ovulation
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Produce estrogen and progesterone
Frage 114
Antworten
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Estrogen->Kiss peptins->GnRH->LH&FSH
-
Produced by corpus luteum
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Build up caused by progesterone
-
Regression of corpus luteum
Frage 115
Frage
If pregnancy occurs chorionic gonadotroph (sectreted from [blank_start]placenta[blank_end]) secretions prolong the [blank_start]progesterone[blank_end] secretion and maintains pregnancy
Antworten
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Placenta
-
Corpus Luteum
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Hyothalamus
-
progesterone
-
estrogen
-
LH
-
GnRH
Frage 116
Frage
All steroid hormones are derived from [blank_start]cholesterol[blank_end] and are lipid soluble therefore must utilize [blank_start]binding[blank_end] proteins
Antworten
-
cholesterol
-
amino acids
-
glucose
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fatty acids
-
binding
-
pairing
-
matching
-
protecting
Frage 117
Frage
In the steroid hormone synthesis pathway:
-The Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ([blank_start]StAR[blank_end]) moves [blank_start]cholesterol[blank_end] into the inner membrane of the [blank_start]mitochondria[blank_end] (shuttling protein)
-The [blank_start]cytrochrome[blank_end] P450 side chain cleavage is the rate limiting enzyme
-[blank_start]Aromatase[blank_end] is used in the conversion from androstenedione and testosterone to estrogen and Estradiol
-The only determination of product=[blank_start]specific[blank_end] enzymes along the pathway
Antworten
-
StAR
-
cholesterol
-
amino acids
-
glucose
-
mitochondria
-
golgi body
-
ER
-
Cell
-
cytrochrome
-
Aromatase
-
Aromylase
-
Convertase
-
specific
-
major
-
selective
Frage 118
Frage
Androgens experience only [blank_start]-[blank_end] feedback
Estrogen experiences only [blank_start]+[blank_end] feedback
Frage 119
Frage
Which of these options correctly pairs pancreatic hormones with the type of cell that produces them?
Antworten
-
Insulin- beta cells
-
Insulin- alpha cells
-
Glucagon- alpha cells
-
Glucagon- beta cells
Frage 120
Frage
Which of these hormones are produced in the adrenal glands?
Antworten
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Insulin
-
Glucocorticoids
-
Glucagon
-
Adrenalin
Frage 121
Frage
[blank_start]Glycogenolysis[blank_end]= the conversion of glycogen to glucose
[blank_start]Gluconeogenesis[blank_end]= the synthesis of new glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates (a.as or glycerol)
Antworten
-
Glycogenolysis
-
Glycogen Synthesis
-
Gluconeogenesis
-
Glycolysis
Frage 122
Antworten
-
Increases blood glucose
-
Is a hypoglycemic hormone
-
Enhanced cellular storage of glucose
-
Opposes fat synthesis
-
Acts on RTK receptors
-
Decreases solute transport
-
Increase oxidation of glucose in adipose tissues to produce ATP
-
Increase gycogenesis in mainly muscle
-
Decrease protein synthesis as a result of increased a.a transport
Frage 123
Frage
Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that is...
Antworten
-
Insulin independent
-
Insulin dependent
-
Insulin acting
-
Insulin overloading
Frage 124
Frage
What hormones oppose insulin action?
Antworten
-
Estrogen
-
Glucagon
-
Testosterone
-
Cortisol
-
Adrenaline
-
Progesterone
Frage 125
Antworten
-
Hyperglycemic hormone
-
Enhances the actions of insulin
-
Acts on liver cells to increase glucose production
-
Decrease glucose levels in circulation
Frage 126
Frage
What actions are characteristic of Glucagon?
Frage 127
Frage
What type of hormones are associated with the Adrenal Medulla?
Antworten
-
Corticosteroids
-
Catecholamines
-
Growth Hormones
-
Steroid hormones
Frage 128
Frage
Within the Catecholamine synthesis pathway:
[blank_start]Phenylalanine[blank_end] is broken down by phenylalanine hydroxylase to make [blank_start]Tyrosine[blank_end] (the backbone for all amine hormones) is then broken down by Tyrosine hydroxylase (rate limiting enzyme) to produce [blank_start]dihydroxyphenylalanine[blank_end] (DOPA) which in turn in broken down to form Dopamine, then [blank_start]Norepinepherine[blank_end] which is lastly broken down by [blank_start]Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase[blank_end] (PNMT) to form [blank_start]Epinepherine[blank_end].
Frage 129
Frage
Andregenic receptors are sensitive to both E and NE although which one is more responsive to alpha and which to beta receptors?
Antworten
-
alpha- E, beta- NE
-
alpha-NE, beta- E
Frage 130
Frage
Epinephrine has a more generalized bodily response when it comes to an emergency response than Norepinepherine.
Frage 131
Frage
Adrenalin is a hyperglycemic hormone because it...
Antworten
-
Stimulates ACTH release
-
Stimulates insulin release
-
Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
-
Inhibits glucagon release
Frage 132
Frage
The Adrenal cortes produces:
[blank_start]Mineralocorticoids[blank_end] such as aldosterone in the zona [blank_start]glomerulosa[blank_end]
[blank_start]Glucocorticoids[blank_end] such as cortisol in the zona [blank_start]fasciculata[blank_end]
[blank_start]Gondaocorticoids[blank_end] such as androgens in the zona [blank_start]reticularis[blank_end]
The only thing that differentiates what is produced at each layer are the [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end] that occur in the different areas
Antworten
-
Mineralocorticoids
-
glomerulosa
-
Glucocorticoids
-
fasciculata
-
Gondaocorticoids
-
reticularis
-
enzymes
-
lipids
-
components
Frage 133
Frage
Chromaffin is the tissue in the medulla that secretes Catecholamine hormones
Frage 134
Frage
The release and action of corticosteroids (steroid hormones) takes longer because...
Frage 135
Frage
In the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal-Adrenal axis:
The [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] produces [blank_start]corticotropin releasing hormone[blank_end] (CRH) that acts on the [blank_start]pituitary[blank_end] which releases [blank_start]ACTH[blank_end] which binds to the [blank_start]adrenal cortex[blank_end] through the melanocortin 2 receptor ([blank_start]MC2R[blank_end]) which finally produces [blank_start]corticosteroids[blank_end].
Frage 136
Frage
Glucocorticoids....
Antworten
-
increase the avalability of glucose
-
inhibit the breakdown of proteins and fats for their conversion to carbohydrates for gluconeogenesis
-
inhibits the uptake of glucose from certain cells