Respiration Physiology PMU 2nd Year

Question

Inspiration occurs as a result of:

Answer 1

an upward movement of the diaphragm

Answer 2

movement of the ribs closer together due to the contraction of the inspiratory intercostal muscles

Answer 3

downward movement of the diaphragm

Answer 4

be lower than alveolar pressure

Answer 5

be between +5 and +10 mmHg above the atmospheric pressure

Answer 6

alternate between being less than and greater than the atmosphere pressure

Answer 7

change as respiratory demands of the body change

Answer 8

be the same as the atmosphenc pressure

Answer 9

dissolved in the plasma

Answer 10

bound to haemoglobin

Answer 11

in carbonic acid

Answer 12

in bicarbonate ions

Answer 13

in carbonic anhydrase

Answer 14

largest bronchi

Answer 15

medium sized bronchi

Answer 16

smallest bronchi

Answer 17

higher flow

Answer 18

lower resistance

Answer 19

higher arterial pressure

Answer 20

higher capillary pressure

Answer 21

higher cardiac output

Answer 22

hypercapnia

Answer 23

hypocapnia

Answer 24

an increased pH

Answer 25

decreased association between hemoglobin and O2

Answer 26

decreased pH

Answer 27

vasodilatation

Answer 28

Tidal Volume

Answer 29

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 30

Residual Volume

Answer 31

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 32

a, b and d

Answer 33

external intercostal muscles

Answer 34

pectoral muscle

Answer 35

vasoconstriction in the lungs

Answer 36

dilation of the bronchi

Answer 37

vasodilation in the lungs

Answer 38

constriction of the bronchi

Answer 39

regulation of lung blood pressure

Answer 40

lung ventilation

Answer 41

diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and blood

Answer 42

fat metabolism

Answer 43

membrane thickness

Answer 44

membrane area

Answer 45

tidal volume

Answer 46

diffusion quotient

Answer 47

bronchioles

Answer 48

gradient of change of ventilation is greater than that of per fusion

Answer 49

ventilation increases up the lung

Answer 50

perfusion increases up the lung

Answer 51

V/Q ratio at apex is greater than at base

Answer 52

none of the above

Answer 53

is produced by type 1 alveolar cells

Answer 54

acts like detergent in water

Answer 55

reduces the amount of negative intrapleural pressure

Answer 56

reduces blood flow to the lungs

Answer 57

increases pulmonary compliance

Answer 58

70% dissolved in plasma

Answer 59

70% carbamino hemoglobin

Answer 60

70% bicarbonate

Answer 61

10% bicarbonate

Answer 62

unaffected by pO2

Answer 63

the diaphragm and mm. intercostales interni

Answer 64

the diaphragm and mm. intercostales externi

Answer 65

mm. abdominales

Answer 66

mm. serrati posteriores inferiores

Answer 67

all of the above

Answer 68

epinephrine

Answer 69

epinephrine and atropine

Answer 70

bradikinine and histamine

Answer 71

acetylcholine

Answer 72

is produced by type II alveolar cells

Answer 73

consists of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates

Answer 74

decreases the alveolar surface tension at the end of expiration

Answer 75

protects the lungs from atelectasis and edema

Answer 76

all of the above

Answer 77

consists of alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary endothelium and their base membranes with very thin interstitial space between them;

Answer 78

diffusion of 02 and CO2 occurs across it

Answer 79

has better permeability for 02 than CO2

Answer 80

none of the above

Answer 81

increased level of catecholamines

Answer 82

decreased level of catecholamines

Answer 83

increase of acetylcholine and serotonin levels

Answer 84

increase of bradikinine and histamine levels

Answer 85

a, c and d

Answer 86

the thoracic cage recoils and the diaphragm moves upwards

Answer 87

the intrapleural pressure decreases

Answer 88

the intrapleural pressure increases

Answer 89

α-adrenergic receptors

Answer 90

β-adrenergic receptors

Answer 91

M-cholinergic receptors

Answer 92

N-cholinergic receptors

Answer 93

H2 receptors

Answer 94

the volume of air, which passes through the lungs per minute

Answer 95

bigger than the Residual Volume (RV)

Answer 96

an element of the Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Answer 97

a, b and c

Answer 98

0.5-1 approximately

Answer 99

higher than the atmospheric pressure

Answer 100

lower than the atmospheric pressure

Answer 101

equal to the atmospheric pressure

Answer 102

depends on the water molecules surface tension and elastic fibers

Answer 103

includes the volume of air within the an passages up to the terminal bronchioles

Answer 104

is the space where gas exchange doesn't occur

Answer 105

is approximately 140 ml

Answer 106

is approximately 500 ml

Answer 107

is about 6 L.min-1

Answer 108

the volume of air. which remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

Answer 109

the volume of air, which remains in the lungs after maximal inspiration

Answer 110

is about 2-3 L

Answer 111

is the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 112

a component of the Vital Capacity (VC)

Answer 113

increased pCO2

Answer 114

decreased pCO2

Answer 115

decreased pO2

Answer 116

increased pO2

Answer 117

increased pH

Answer 118

is a sum of ERV+TV+IRV

Answer 119

depends on sex and age

Answer 120

depends on chest measurement

Answer 121

is a sum of IC+ERV

Answer 122

is a sum of TV+ERV+RV

Answer 123

on the external surface of the lungs

Answer 124

on the medial surface of the lungs

Answer 125

in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

Answer 126

around the alveoli

Answer 127

on the external and medial surfaces of the lungs

Answer 128

has a higher CO2 content than the atmosphere

Answer 129

has lower 02 content than in the atmosphere

Answer 130

consists of N2 approximately equal to that in the atmosphere

Answer 131

has the name components as the atmosphere

Answer 132

a, b and c

Answer 133

around the alveoli

Answer 134

around the terminal branches of the bronchi

Answer 135

on the external and the medial surface of the lungs

Answer 136

all of the above

Answer 137

on the ventral surface of medulla oblongata

Answer 138

on the dorsal surface of medulla oblongata

Answer 139

in arcus aortae and arteria carotis communis

Answer 140

in the inferior and superior venae cavae and the right atrium

Answer 141

in the hypothalamus

Answer 142

carbamino Hb

Answer 143

carboxi Hb

Answer 144

physically dissolved in fluids

Answer 145

carbamino Hb and physically dissolved in the fluids

Answer 146

decreased pCO2

Answer 147

increased pO2

Answer 148

decreased pCO2 and increased pO2

Answer 149

increased pCO2 and decreased pO2

Answer 150

the upper parts of the lungs in upright position

Answer 151

the middle parts of the lungs in upright position

Answer 152

the lower parts of the lungs in upright position

Answer 153

in all parts of the lungs in supine position

Answer 154

the ribs move upward

Answer 155

the diaphragm lifts up

Answer 156

the antero-posterior dimensions of the chest are increased

Answer 157

the transverse dimensions of the thorax are increased

Answer 158

the scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles can be recruited for inspiration

Answer 159

filtration

Answer 160

active transport

Answer 161

passive transport

Answer 162

small gas bubble in the plasma

Answer 163

gas bound to the hemoglobin in the red blood cells

Answer 164

bicarbonate ions in the plasma

Answer 165

gas bound to white blood cells and albumin

Answer 166

gas transported through the lymphatic system

Answer 167

a drop in blood pH

Answer 168

a rise in blood pH

Answer 169

a drop in blood oxygen levels

Answer 170

a drop in carbon dioxide levels

Answer 171

none of the above

Answer 172

bronchioles

Answer 173

pulmonary capillaries

Answer 174

roots of the lungs

Answer 175

respiratory system

Answer 176

endocrine system

Answer 177

gastrointestinal system

Answer 178

excretory system

Answer 179

any opening into the body

Answer 180

none of the above

Answer 181

HCO3- ions pass from tissues to red blood cells

Answer 182

Cl- ion concentration in red cells falls

Answer 183

its oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right

Answer 184

its oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left

Answer 185

are stretch receptors in the walls of the intenal carotid arteries

Answer 186

have a blood flow per unit volume similar to that in the brain

Answer 187

are influenced by the blood temperature

Answer 188

generate less afferent impulses when blood H+ concentration rises

Answer 189

and the aortic bodies are mainly responsible tor the increased ventilation in hypoxia

Answer 190

the surface tension of the fluid lining alveolar walls

Answer 191

lung compliance

Answer 192

in effectiveness as the lungs are inflated

Answer 193

in amount when pulmonary blood flow is interrupted

Answer 194

the airflow resistance in bronchi

Answer 195

ratio of lung residual volume to vital capacity

Answer 196

percentage of vital capacity expelled in one second

Answer 197

lung volume level at which small airways start to close during expiration

Answer 198

elastic fibers in lungs

Answer 199

tidal volume

Answer 200

intrapleural pressure is lowest at mid-inspiration

Answer 201

intrapulmonary pressure is lowest around mid-inspiration

Answer 202

intraoesophageal pressure is lowest at mid-inspiration

Answer 203

the rate of air flow is greatest at end-inspiration

Answer 204

the lung volume/intrapleural pressure relationship is the same as in expiration

Answer 205

is carried as carboxyhaemoglobin on the haemoglobin molecule

Answer 206

uptake by the blood increases its oxygen-binding power

Answer 207

uptake by the blood leads to similar increases in H+ and HCO3- ion concentrations

Answer 208

stimulates ventilation when breathed at a concentration of 20 per cent

Answer 209

content is greater than oxygen content in arterial blood

Answer 210

the rate of alveolar ventilation at rest exceeds the rate of alveolar capillary perfusion

Answer 211

the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio in less 0.6 dieting maximal exercise

Answer 212

the V/Q ratio is higher at the apex than at the base of the lungs when a person is standing

Answer 213

oxygen transfer can be explained by active transport

Answer 214

dead space decreases during inspiration

Answer 215

bronchial mucosal irritation

Answer 216

local beta adrenoceptor stimulation

Answer 217

a fall in bronchial pO2

Answer 218

inhalation of air warmed to 37°C

Answer 219

circulating noradrenaline

Answer 220

intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 221

aortic pressure

Answer 222

intra-abdominal pressure

Answer 223

dead space pO2

Answer 224

diastolic arterial pressure

Answer 225

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 226

alveolar H2O vapour pressure

Answer 227

arterial pO2

Answer 228

intrapleural pressure

Answer 229

cerebral blood flow

Answer 230

venous return to the heart is increased

Answer 231

less energy is expended than during expiration

Answer 232

lung expansion is assisted by surface tension forces in the alveoli

Answer 233

lung expansion begins when intrapleural pressure falls below atmospheric

Answer 234

the relative concentration of surfactant increases in alveoli

Answer 235

the gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a full expiration

Answer 236

greater on average in women than in men

Answer 237

3-4 litres on average in young adults

Answer 238

measured directly using a spirometer

Answer 239

smaller in old than in young people

Answer 240

an increase in ventilation due: to stimulation of peripheral and central chemoreceptors

Answer 241

a decrease in ventilation due to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 242

a decrease in arterial pressure

Answer 243

a decrease in cerebral blood flow

Answer 244

a decrease in the plasma bicarbonate level

Answer 245

periods when cerebrospinal fluid pH is reduced

Answer 246

compensated chronic renal failure

Answer 247

periods when plasma bicarbonate level is raised

Answer 248

deep sleep

Answer 249

exercise because of the ensuing fall in arterial pO2

Answer 250

arterial mean pressure is about one-sixth systemic mean arterial pressure

Answer 251

blood flow/minute is greater then the systemic blood flow/minute

Answer 252

vascular resistance is about 50 per cent that of systemic vascular resistance

Answer 253

vascular capacity is similar to systemic vascular capacity

Answer 254

arterial pressure increases by about 50 per cent when cardiac output rises by 50 per cent

Answer 255

combination with the myoglobin molecule

Answer 256

combination with plasma globulins

Answer 257

physical solution in red blood cells

Answer 258

greater quantity in red blood cells than in plasma

Answer 259

greater quantity as HCO3- than as other forms

Answer 260

occurs m the pulmonary capillaries

Answer 261

occurs if blood temperature decreases

Answer 262

favors oxygen delivery to the tissues

Answer 263

favors oxygen uptake from the lungs by alveolar capillary blood

Answer 264

occurs if the pH of the blood increases

Answer 265

expressed as volume change per unit change in pressure

Answer 266

minimal during quiet breathing

Answer 267

increased by the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli

Answer 268

decreased by surfactant

Answer 269

changed by parallel displacement of the line relating lung volume to distending pressure

Answer 270

saturates inspired air with water vapour before it reaches the alveoli

Answer 271

removes all particles from inspired air before it reaches the alveoli

Answer 272

decreases when blood catecholamines levels rise

Answer 273

decreases during a deep inspiration

Answer 274

is equal to the tidal volume

Answer 275

the volume of air expired from full inspiration to full expiration

Answer 276

increased as one grows older

Answer 277

greater in women than in men of the same age and height

Answer 278

related more to total body mass than to lean body mass

Answer 279

the sum of the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes

Answer 280

the amount of O2 consumed after cessation of exercise

Answer 281

incurred because the pulmonary capillary walls limit 02 uptake during exercise

Answer 282

possible since skeletal muscle can function temporarily without oxygen

Answer 283

associated with a decrease in blood lactate

Answer 284

associated with metabolic alcalosis

Answer 285

its shape is sigmoid

Answer 286

blood saturates with CO2 when pCO2 exceeds normal alveolar levels

Answer 287

blood contains some CO2 even when the pCO2 is zero

Answer 288

oxygenation of the blood drives CO2 out of the blood

Answer 289

adding CO2 to the blood drives 02 out of the blood

Answer 290

stimulation of cholinergic receptors

Answer 291

stimulation of beta adrenoceptors

Answer 292

histamine aerosols

Answer 293

non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Answer 294

mineralcorticoids

Answer 295

allows intrapleural pressure to rise to atmospheric pressure

Answer 296

causes the underlying lung to collapse by compressing it

Answer 297

increases the functional residual capacity

Answer 298

leads to a slight inward movement of the chest wall

Answer 299

increases the vital capacity

Answer 300

physiological dead space

Answer 301

the surfactant

Answer 302

residual volume

Answer 303

vital capacity

Answer 304

the intrapleural pressure

Answer 305

collapse of the alveoli supplied by the bronchus

Answer 306

a rise in local intrapleural pressure

Answer 307

an increase in physiological dead space

Answer 308

an increase in blood flow to the lung tissue supplied by the bronchus

Answer 309

decreases the O2 content of blood at a given pO2

Answer 310

impairs O2 delivery to the tissues at the normal tissue pO2

Answer 311

occurs in blood perfusing hot extremities

Answer 312

occurs in blood with lower pH than with higher pH

Answer 313

is characteristic of adult blood when compared with fetal blood

Answer 314

is exposed to a pressure equal to that at the surface

Answer 315

has a raised pressure of nitrogen in the alveoli

Answer 316

has a four-fold increase in the oxygen content of blood

Answer 317

has a fourfold increase in alveolar water vapour pressure

Answer 318

expends less energy than manna! on the work of breathing

Answer 319

may be caused by high levels of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood

Answer 320

may be caused by high levels of methaemoglobin in the blood

Answer 321

is seen in fingers of hands immersed in iced water

Answer 322

occurs more easily in anaemic than in polycythaemic patients

Answer 323

is severe in cyanide poisoning

Answer 324

metabolic acidosis

Answer 325

alkaline urine

Answer 326

cool extremeties

Answer 327

decreased cerebral blood flow

Answer 328

raised plasma bicarbonate

Answer 329

is reflexly initiated by irritation of the alveoli

Answer 330

is associated with relaxation of airways smooth muscle

Answer 331

depends on contraction of the diaphragm for expulsion of air

Answer 332

differs from sneezing in that the glottis is initially closed

Answer 333

is equivalent of sneezing

Answer 334

total ventilation/perfusion ratio

Answer 335

peak expiratory flow rate

Answer 336

respiratory quotient

Answer 337

tidal volume

Answer 338

dead space

Answer 339

lower systemic arterial oxygen content

Answer 340

has no effect on the O2 in systemic circulation

Answer 341

increase the physiological dead space

Answer 342

lower systemic arterial carbon dioxide content

Answer 343

be compensated (with respect to oxygen uptake) by a high ratio in the other lung

Answer 344

normally equals the rate of O2 consumption by the body/min

Answer 345

is normally more than 95 per cent combined with haemoglobin

Answer 346

must fall by about half if haemoglobin concentration is halved

Answer 347

is more closely related to PO2 than to percentage saturation of the blood with O2

Answer 348

must double if body oxygen consumption doubles

Answer 349

the pressure inside the lungs must be higher than the atmospheric pressure

Answer 350

the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure

Answer 351

the pressure inside the lungs must be equal to the atmospheric pressure

Answer 352

the diaphragm must be relaxed

Answer 353

the external intercostal muscles must be relaxed

Answer 354

more carbon monoxide produced

Answer 355

more bicarbonate ions produced

Answer 356

an increase in protons

Answer 357

there would be a shift to the left

Answer 358

there would be a shift to the right first, then to the left

Answer 359

tidal volume

Answer 360

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 361

maximum expiratory flow rate

Answer 362

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 363

Hb + O2 -> HbO2

Answer 364

Hb + CO2 -> HbCO2

Answer 365

HbCO2 -> Hb + CO2

Answer 366

H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+

Answer 367

Na+ + HCO3- -> NaHCO3

Answer 368

inhibits alveolar collapse

Answer 369

assists pulmonary compliance

Answer 370

assists elastic recoil

Answer 371

resists elastic recoil

Answer 372

impairs gas exchange

Answer 373

triggers inspiration

Answer 374

decreased ventilation rate

Answer 375

for forced breathing

Answer 376

inhibits apneustic center, sets limits to over inflation of lungs

Answer 377

apneustic center

Answer 378

arterial blood chemistry

Answer 379

medulla oblongata

Answer 380

stretch receptors

Answer 381

formation of N2 bubbles

Answer 382

formation of CO2 bubbles

Answer 383

due to fatigue

Answer 384

due to increase in barometric pressure

Answer 385

formation of O2 bubbles

Answer 386

carbon dioxide

Answer 387

congenital heart disease

Answer 388

gas gangrene

Answer 389

CO poisoning

Answer 390

N2 toxicity

Answer 391

advanced pulmonary carcinoma

Answer 392

decrease in pO2, increase in pCO2

Answer 393

decrease in pO2, decrease in pCO2

Answer 394

increase in both pO2 and pCO2

Answer 395

increase in pO2, decrease in pCO2

Answer 396

no change in pO2 and pCO2

Answer 397

type 1 pneumatocytes

Answer 398

type 2 pneumatocytes

Answer 399

goblet cells

Answer 400

pulmonary vessels

Answer 401

bronchial smooth muscle cells

Answer 402

decrease in blood volume

Answer 403

decrease in muscle strength

Answer 404

increase in red cell mass

Answer 405

loss of bone mass

Answer 406

osteroporosis

Answer 407

increases in asthma

Answer 408

decreases in emphysema

Answer 409

increases in paraplegic patients

Answer 410

does not affect work of breathing

Answer 411

decreases in asthma

Answer 412

hyperventilation

Answer 413

hypoventilation

Answer 414

hypercapnoea

Answer 415

none of the above

Answer 416

oxygen consumption

Answer 417

cardiac output

Answer 418

stroke volume

Answer 419

arterial pCO2

Answer 420

ventilation/perfusion ratio

Answer 421

a fall in blood pressure

Answer 422

stimulation of central chemoreceptors

Answer 423

increased breathing

Answer 424

constriction of the pupils

Answer 425

alveolar ventilation

Answer 426

blood bicarbonate level

Answer 427

appetite for food

Answer 428

exercise tolerance

Answer 429

muscle strength

	Erstellt von Med Student vor fast 8 Jahre

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Respiration Physiology PMU 2nd Year

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