NCE Social and Cultural Foundations- Rosenthal

Frage	Antworten
Culture	-Definition: habits, customs, art, religion, science, and the political behavior of a given group of people during a given period of time. -Cultures are said to be dynamic- each culture changing or evolving at its own rate
Macroculture vs. Microculture	Macro- dominant culture Micro- nondominant culture
Acculturation	Learning the expectations and behaviors of a culture
Universal Culture National Culture Regional Culture Ecological Culture	Universal Culture- implies that we are all genetically and biologically similar ("biological sameness) National Culture- determines language, political views, and laws Regional Culture- defines behaviors for certain regions Ecological Culture- where factors such as earthquakes, floods, and food supply influence behaviors
Racism	Occurs when one race views itself as superior to others -A given race has a set of genetically transmitted characteristics such as Caucasian, African American, or Asian.
Ethnocentrism	When a given group sees itself as the standard by which other ethnic groups are measured
Emic vs. Etic	Emic approach- the counselor helps the client understand his or her culture Etic approach- counselor focuses on the similarities in people, treating people as the same
Autoplastic-Alloplastic Dilemma	Autoplastic implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with his or her environment Alloplastic occurs when the counselor has the client try to change the environment
Test Bias	Tests and nosological systems such as the DSM can have a Eurocentric or Euro-American bias.
Paralanguage	Implies that the client's tone of voice, loudness, vocal inflections; and speed of delivery, silence, and hesitation must be taken into consideration. -it is part of the study of nonverbal communication which is usually considered more accurate than verbal communiation
Low Context Communication vs. High Context Communication	LCC implies that there will be a long verbal explanation HCC relies on nonverbals that are readily understood by others in the culture
Stereotyping	The act of thinking that all people in a group are alike
Prejudice	Occurs when we have an opinion based on insufficient evidence
Androgynous/Androgyny	The notion that psychologically healthy people possess both masculine and feminine characterisitics
Proxemics	Addresses the issue of personal space, also known as spatial relations; communication and social relations are impacted by proxemics
Mean Tests	-determine whether a client is eligible for a social program or benefit such as temporary assistance for needy families (TANF) or food stamps -income and assets are often used to make this determination - often contrasted with social insurance programs such as social security for which an extremely wealthy person would qualify
Social Comparison Theory	-popularized by early research conducted by Leon Festinger -postulates that we evaluate our behaviors and accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others
Anglo-Conformity Theory	Asserts that people from other cultures would do well to forget about their heritage and try to become like those in the dominant, macroculture
Five-stage Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) aka Minority Identity Model	Model developed by Atkinson, Morten, Sue -not everyone goes through all stages and some individuals never progress beyond the second or third stage 1. Conformity- lean toward dominant culture and prefer a counselor from the dominant culture 2. Dissonance- question and confusion, prefer a counselor from a minority group 3. Resistance and Immersion- reject the dominant culture while accepting one's own culture 4. Introspection- mixed feelings related to the previous stage, prefer a counselor from one's on racial/ethnic group 5. Synergetic Articulation and Awareness- stop racial and cultural oppression, prefers a counselor who is same race/ethnicity, but has different beliefs
Native Americans	-often keep their suffering private -speak with few words and hesitate often -do not engage in eye contact while talking or listening -do not live by the clock -emphasize spirituality -may consider counseling in their home -story telling combined with advice giving is often effective
Counseling African Americans	-like to be taught concrete skills and strategies for change -systems-based family therapy that includes nuclear and extended family is effective -short-term counseling and behavioral modalities are often effective -counselor self-disclosure, topics related to spirituality, and group work may be beneficial
Multicultural Counseling Asian Americans	-have been called the most diverse group -characterized as patriarchal -academic and professional success is valued -they often speak very low -desire assertiveness training and therapies that emphasize insight or existential issues -counselor is seen as trained expert
Multicultural Counseling Hispanic and Latino(a) Amerians	-often benefit from catharsis and abreaction (getting feelings out) -psychodrama techniques, family therapy, and calling clients by their first names may well facilitate therapy -separation from one's family of origin is not a goal of therapy -the word "machismo" may be used to describe the fact that women are subservient to men and that men are expected to provide for the family

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NCE Social and Cultural Foundations- Rosenthal

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