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| Frage | Antworten |
| Explain the relationship between potential energy and kinetic energy. | Potential energy -> Stored energy Kinetic energy -> Energy of motion |
| In your own words, describe the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways. | Anabolic – reactions that build complex molecules (use energy) Catabolic – reactions that break down complex molecules (release energy) |
| If the activation energy of a reaction is 1250 kJ/mol, and the energy released by the formation of products in the reaction is 1386 kJ/mol, what types of reaction has taken place? | Endergonic reaction. |
| Describe the structure of an ATP molecule. | Three phosphate groups attached to a ribose sugar molecule, which is attached to a molecule of adenosine. |
| How does the structure of the ATP molecule relate to the large amounts of free energy it contains? | The three phosphate groups have high energy bonds. |
| Describe the process of ATP hydrolysis. | • Water is added to ATP. • A phosphate group is removed from ATP and an –OH functional group attaches to it (called PI – inorganic phosphate) • There is also a H+ ion released into solution. • ADP is produced; free energy is released. |
| Identify each of the following activities as either anabolic or catabolic: a. Protein synthesis b. Digestion c. DNA synthesis d. Photosynthesis e. Cellular respiration | a. Anabolic b. Catabolic c. Anabolic d. Anabolic e. Catabolic |
| What are the net reactants in glycolysis? | Glucose; 2 ADP; 2 Pi; 2 NAD+ |
| What are the net products in glycolysis? | 2 pyruvate; 2 ATP; 2 NADH; 2 H+ |
| What occurs in the “glucose activation” phase of glycolysis? | Two phosphate groups are transferred to glucose via phosphorylation where ATP is converted to ADP. |
| What occurs in the “sugar-splitting” part of glycolysis? | Fructose-1,6-biphosphate gets split into DHAP and G3P. DHAP then gets isomerized to G3P. |
| What happens in the “oxidation” phase of glycolysis? | G3P becomes oxidized using NAD+, which becomes NADH. It released energy, which is used to attach phosphates to the sugars. |
| What happens in the “formation of ATP” phase of glycolysis? | Phosphate groups of the molecule are transferred to ADP, creating ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation). |
| The following enzymes are a part of glycolysis: Aldolase; Hexokinase; Phosphoglucose isomerase; Pyruvate kinase What's the order? | Answer: 2, 3, 1, 4. |
| What does the enzyme, aldolase, accomplish? A. Adds a phosphate group to ADP B. Converts fructose-1,6-biphosphate into DHAP and G3P C. Isomerizes DHAP into G3P D. Shifts a phosphate group from one carbon to another | Answer: B |
| Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-6-phosphate using which enzyme? A. Aldolase B. Hexokinase C. Phosphoglucose isomerase D. Pyruvate kinase | Answer: C |
| Which enzyme converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate? A. Aldolase B. Hexokinase C. Phosphoglucose isomerase D. Pyruvate kinase | Answer: B |
| What does the enzyme, pyruvate kinase, accomplish? A. Converts 1,3-biphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate B. Converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate C. Converts phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate D. Converts phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvate | Answer: C |
| Describe what happens (generally, no specifics) in each of the following types of enzymatic reactions: A. Redox B. Lysis C. Mutase D. Isomerization E. Phosphorylation F. Substrate-level phosphorylation | A. Electrons are transferred. B. A molecule is split. C. Shifting a chemical group to another within the same molecule. D. Molecule is rearranged into its isomer. E. Transfer of a phosphate group. F. Phosphate group is transferred to ADP to form ATP. |
| 1. The following molecules are part of glycolysis. List the order in which they occur. A. Fructose-6-phosphate B. Phosphoenolpyruvate C. 1,3-biphosphoglycerate D. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) E. Pyruvate F. Glucose-6-phosphate G. 3-Phosphoglycerate H. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) I. Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate J. Glucose K. 2-phosphoglycerate | Answer: 10,6,1,9,8,4,3,7,11,2,5 |
| What does an isomerase enzyme accomplish? | A molecule rearranges into its isomer. |
| What does a dehydrogenase enzyme accomplish? | Removal of hydrogen. |
| What does a kinase enzyme accomplish? | Movement of phosphate group. |
| What would happen if phosphoglucomutase did not function? | Phosphate group would not shift to the 2nd carbon on the molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate. |
| What would happen if triosephosphate dehydrogenase did not function? | • G3P would not be oxidized. • NAD+ would not be reduced. • Phosphate would not be added to G3P |
| What would happen if triosephosphate isomerase did not function? | DHAP could not be isomerized to G3P. |
| What would happen if enolase did not function? | Electrons would not be transferred within 2-phosphoglycerate and water would not be removed. |
| What would happen if phosphofructokinase did not function? | A phosphate group could not be added to fructose-1,6-biphosphate. |
| What would happen if phosphoglycerate kinase did not function? | The phosphate group would not be removed from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to form ATP. |
| Where does the citric acid cycle take place? Specifics? | Mitochondria. • 7 steps occur in the mitochondrial matrix 1 step occur on the mitochondrial membrane (matrix side) |
| In cellular respiration, what phases occur before the citric acid cycle and what are the end products that enter the next stages? | Glycolysis – results in 2 pyruvates; Pyruvate oxidation – results in 2 acetyl-CoA’s |
| How is a 6-carbon molecule created at the beginning of the citric acid cycle? | Acetyl-CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C) |
| How many molecules of ATP are produced in the citric acid cycle? | Per acetyl-CoA 1 Per glucose 2 |
| How many NADH are produced in the citric acid cycle? | Per acetyl-CoA 3 Per glucose 6 |
| How many FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle? | Per acetyl-CoA 1 Per glucose 2 |
| How many CO2 molecules are produced in the citric acid cycle? What happens to the molecules? | Per acetyl-CoA 2 Per glucose 4 2CO2 released as waste products. |
| Why is the citric acid cycle, a cycle? | Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA Citrate • The citrate is then eventually turned into oxaloacetate and the cycle repeats (acetyl-CoA enters the cycle) and the 6-carbon molecule (citrate) is formed again. |
| What is the net reaction of the citric acid cycle (per one turn of the cycle)? | Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pi 2CO2 + 3 NADH + 3 H+ + FADH2 + ATP + CoA |
| What is the first protein complex that electrons pass through? | NADH dehydrogenase |
| What is the second protein complex that electrons pass through? What happens to H+? | • Succinate dehydrogenase • They are pumped into the intermembrane space |
| What is the third protein complex that electrons pass through? What happens to H+? | • Cytochrome complex • They are pumped into the intermembrane space |
| What is the fourth protein complex that electrons pass through? What happens to H+? | • Cytochrome oxidase • They are pumped into the intermembrane space |
| What molecule is the “final electron acceptor” in the chain? What molecule of waste is formed in this step? | • O2 • H2O |
| What has been happening in the intermembrane space? | H+ ions have accumulated |
| Do the electrons in NADH have the most or the least free energy in the electron transport chain? | Most free energy |
| The electrons in NADH form bonds as they move through the electron transport chain. Do these bond formations use or release energy? | Release energy as electrons from stronger and stronger bonds as they move throughout etc., |
| What important molecule is needed for oxidative phosphorylation but not needed for substrate level phosphorylation? | Oxygen |
| How does the electron transport chain produce ATP? What is the driving force? | • Transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2 • The chain has 4 protein complexes; with increasing electronegativity along the chain • Electron shuttles result in the movement of electrons between the protein complexes • Oxygen’s high electronegativity drives the ETC • It takes 2 electrons from complex IV (starts a chain reaction) and then electrons are passed from molecules that are less electronegative to molecules that are more electronegative. |
| What is the primary function of the proton-motive force? | • Making a concentration gradient and chemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane • It is a source of energy that can be used to do work. Cells use this force in the chemiosmosis process to make ATP |
| What do you think happens to ATP after it has been formed in the mitochondria? | Leaves the mitochondria via a channel protein to be used elsewhere in the cell. |
| Compare aerobic respiration and fermentation in terms of the amount of ATP that can be generated from a single glucose molecule | • Fermentation 2 ATP per molecule of glucose. ATP is only generated via glycolysis. Aerobic respiration produces a maximum of 38 ATP per molecule of glucose. Uses an electron transport chain. |
| What is the difference between fermentation and glycolysis? | The fermentation pathway includes additional reactions needed to regenerate the NAD+ that was reduced during glycolysis. |
| Why do cells rely on fermentation rather than glycolysis alone? | • If cells relief on glycolysis alone, they would quickly run out of NAD+, a necessary reactant in glycolysis. They rely on fermentation to regenerate the NAD+ |
| What anaerobic pathway is used to create a loaf of bread? How does this pathway work? | • Alcohol fermentation • Pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 is formed) and forms acetaldehyde which oxidizes NADH and ethanol is produced |
| Name two other products that use the same pathway (anaerobic) | Cheese, wine, beer, sauerkraut, yogurt, spirits, and soy sauce. |
| Do our muscle cells produce alcohol? Given that alcohol and lactate fermentation both yield 2 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule, do you think it would make any difference which pathway was used? Explain. | • No, our muscle cells do not produce alcohol; instead they undergo lactate fermentation under anaerobic conditions. • Even though they produce the same number of ATP per molecule of glucose, alcohol is toxic. • Producing in large amounts during strenuous exercise would cause a variety of problems for the cell and for the organism as a whole. |
| Identify some environments in which anaerobic respiration takes place. | Wet environments such as swamps, wetlands, sediments, and water logged soils; our intestines; deep underground; and in landfills. |
| Imagine that a muscle cell had a limited number of mitochondria but a very high oxygen supply. If this muscle cell were required to generate a great deal of power, do you think it would be benefit from lactate fermentation? Why or why not? | • Yes, the muscle cell would benefit from lactic acid fermentation because even though it has excess oxygen it might not have enough electron transport chains to fully use all the oxygen. • Therefore, if the cell needed more ATP than the mitochondria could provide, it would be able to synthesize it with lactic acid fermentation. |
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