Autonomic Nervous System

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What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?	The functioning of the smooth muscle cells, cardiac cells, and some glands around the body.
What general structures does the ANS comprise of?	An afferent sensory neuron, an integrating neuron (interneuron), and an efferent motor neuron. All AUTOMATIC, no conscious control.
The SOMATIC nervous system is different from the Autonomic nervous system... how?	Somatic nervous system sensations can be consciously perceived, they have 1 neuron that transmits the signal along each pathway (QUICK). Innervation specifically for skeletal muscle reaction (Classic Reflex Arch). ANS sensory input cannot be consciously perceived, they have 2 or more neurons in a series that transmit the signal (SLOWER). First ANS neuron generally inside the CNS.
How is the ANS efferent pathway divided? Two parts?	Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems. (Fight or Flight).
Most visceral organs have singular innervation. True or False?	False. Most visceral organs have DUAL innervation. One connecting to the sympathetic nervous system and the other connecting to the parasympathetic nervous system.
Where are the pre- & post-ganglion neurons located/start?	Pre = starts in the CNS, ends in the Autonomic ganglion. Post = starts in the Autonomic ganglion and ends at the effector (organ or gland).
Does the effector response depend on the neurotransmitter received?	No. The response is tissue dependent. The receptor expressed by the tissue is what determines the response. If this receptor is triggered by a particular neurotransmitter, that is what determines the response.
What is a autonomic plexus?	They are a tangled network of neurons that generally run along the major arteries around the body.
How are the sympathetic ganglia divided?	Paravertebral = run vertically along the vertebral column within the spine. Prevertebral = run anterior to the vertebral column.
How are the parasympathetic ganglia divided?	Cranial outflow = comprises mainly of the Vagus nerve, as well as CN IX, VII and III. Sacral outflow = comprises of mainly the pelvic / splanchnic nerve.
Name some effector responses to sympathetic nervous system stimulation	Eyes - dilates pupils Mouth - decrease in salivation Lungs - Increased respiratory rate Heart - Increased heart rate Blood vessels - dilation in important organs, constriction in non-essential organs. GIT - slowing of digestion activity Adrenal glands - release of adrenaline/noradrenaline Kidney - retention of water/Na+ Bladder - relaxation of muscles Anus - prevents defection
Name some effector responses to parasympathetic nervous system stimulation	Eyes - constriction pupils Mouth - increase in salivation Lungs - decreased respiratory rate Heart - decreased heart rate Blood vessels - dilation in non-essential organs, constriction in essential organs. GIT - increased of digestion activity Kidney - excretion of water/Na+ Bladder - constriction of muscles Anus - stimulation of defection
Within the ANS, all pre-ganglion neurons release Acetylcholine. True or False?	True. Acetylcholine is always released PRE ganglion
What types of neurotransmitters are released Post-ganglion?	Acetylcholine & Noradrenaline
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors and how do they differ?	The two types are muscarinic and nicotinic. Nicotinic receptors only cause excitation within the post-gang. cell. Muscarinic receptors cause both excitation and inhibition effects. Muscarinic receptors are found in all parasympathetic effectors. (i.e. inhibition of functioning).
Name the major divisions of adrenergic receptors and there response.	Adrenergic receptors are divided by Alpha 1,2 and Beta, 1,2, + 3. Alpha and Beta 1 receptors are excitatory in nature. Alpha and Beta 2 receptors are inhibitory in nature.
What main response do each of the Alpha adrenergic receptors do?	Alpha 1 - activation of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. Cause increase in total peripheral resistance and thus blood pressure. (EXCITATION) Alpha 2 - located in nerve endings, decrease in transmitter release. (INHIBITION).
What main response do each of the Beta adrenergic receptors do?	Beta 1 - found in the heart muscles, and also kidneys. Increase in heart rate, then Cardiac output and thus BP. (EXCITATION) Beta 2 - found in the SM, lungs. leads to dilation of SM. (INHIBITION). Beta 3 - found in adipose tissue. Allows for lipolysis.
Where are nicotinic receptors found?	They found in the muscle end plates (somatic - reflex). Pre-ganglion neurons in both the Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Hormone producing cells within the adrenal medulla
Where are muscarinic receptors found?	Found on all POST-ganglion cells stimulated by ACH within the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.
What are the functions of the three main muscarinic receptors?	M1 - increases neuronal firing (EXCITATION) M2 - cardiac, decreases HR (INHIBITION) M3 - glandular/smooth muscle, leads to sweating ,salivation, broncho-constriction (EXCITATION).
Which type of receptors are G-protein coupled receptors?	Adrenergic and Muscarinic receptors.
Sympathetic dominance means?	The fight/flight response
Parasympathetic dominance means?	The rest and digest phase.

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Autonomic Nervous System

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