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| Frage | Antworten |
| In 2011 world energy consumption was | 520 Q |
| In 2011 US energy consumption was | 95Q |
| In 2011 US annual per capita energy consumption was about | 320 MBtu |
| In 2011 world per capita energy consumption was about | 75 MBtu |
| In 2011 world oil consumption was about | 85 x 10^6 bbl/day |
| In 2011 US oil consumption was about | 20 x 10^6 bbl/day |
| What percent of oil is supplied through imports | 40% |
| What percent of oil is consumed by transportation | 67% |
| In 2011 US domestic oil production was about | 7500 bbl/day |
| Major anthropogenic emissions of GHG include | carbon dioxide, Methane (CH4), and N2O |
| The energy intensity of the US economy is | 7500 Btu/$ |
| The countries with the largest coal, oil, and Natural gas reserves are | US Saudi Arabia Russia |
| In 2011 world CO2 emissions were about | 31.5 Gt-CO2 |
| In 2011 US CO2 emissions were about | 5.6 Gt-CO2 |
| In the US the average amount of CO2 emitted per kwh of electricity produced is | 1.0 kg |
| The average amount of CO2 emitted per vehicle mile driven is about | 0.3 kg |
| The energy Intensity of a country can be measured as a ratio of what to what | Energy Consumption to GDP |
| The carbon intensity is a ration of what to what | Carbon Dioxide to Energy consumption |
| The energy equivalent of a barrel of oil is | 5.0 MBtu |
| The energy equivalent of a ton of coal is | 20 MBtu |
| The principle sectors of end us energy consumption in the USA are the | Residential/Commercial, Transportation, Electric Power, and Industrial |
| The classic Hubbert Curve for resource development includes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 | 1. Rapid development 2. Steady growth 3. Peak Production 4. Decreasing Production 5. Resource depletion |
| Domestic oil production peaked in | 1970 |
| When domestic oil production peaked, how many times higher than current production | twice |
| Non-conventional fossil fuel resources for natural gas include | shale gas tight sands coal bed methane |
| Non conventional fossil resources for crude oil include | shale oil oil sands Ultra heavy oil |
| Significant emissions from coal boilers include | Carbon dioxide Mecury SOX NOX |
| Significant emissions from diesel engines include | carbon dioxide CO NOX |
| Combined heat and power systems includes a | Gas turbine engine Heat exchanger steam turbine condensor liquid feed pump |
| From 1970 to 2008 world annual carbon dioxide emissions increased by 50%. The two most important factors were | population transportation |
| From 1970 to 2008 world annual sulfur dioxide emissions decreased by 50 %. The two most important factors were | Air Quality Human Health |
| The preindustrial concentration of atmospheric CO2 was about | 280 ppm |
| The current atmospheric concentration of CO2 is | 398 ppm |
| The average global surface temperature increased by about what since 1900 | 1C |
| On observed environmental change due to climate change is | Sea level rise |
| Underground carbon dioxide storage methods include | enhanced oil and gas recovery, depleted oil ans gas reservoirs saline formation un-minable coal beds |
| One company currently using underground CO2 storage is | Great Plains Synfuels Canada |
| Two common chemical processes used in a gassifier to produce syngas from coal are | steam reforming partial oxidation |
| The device used to remove CO2 from post combustion flue gas is called | an absorber |
| The Syngas produce in a gasifier consists of | H2 and CO |
| Absorption of long wavelength radiation from the earth's surface is primarily by two atmospheric gasses | Water Vapor CO2 |
| Fracking is another term for | Hydro-fracturing |
| The term external costs refers to what costs, and state and example | Environmental pollution |
| In envirnmental science some important models used to predict the impact of industrial activities on local regional and global ecosystems are | air quality models water quality models air ocean general circulation models |
| There are several advanced fossil power generation systems that are more efficient that traditional systems including | Co-generation and Gas-Stream Combined Cycle |
| In a solar cell the n-layer is doped with | phosphorus |
| In a solar cell the p-layer is doped with | Boron |
| Materials used for thin film solar PV panels include | CIGS CdTe amorphous sillicon |
| Recent developments in PV solar technology include | thin films nanotechnology multi-junction PV Concentrating PV |
| The solar radiation intensity just above the atmosphere is about | 1367 W/m2 |
| The global average radiation intensity at the earth's surface is about | 700 W/m2 |
| Elements of a liquid type flat plate solar thermal collector include | fluid transport tubes insulation glazing absorber plate |
| Loss mechanisms for solar PV cells include | quantum loss reflection transmission collection |
| Solar PV panels efficiencies range from | 15%-25% |
| Name the two types of PV and which is more efficient | Thin film-more efficient crystalline |
| Solar thermal power systems typically employ what to collect and what to produce electric energy | solar radiation collector steam turbine |
| Some elements used in amorphous thin film PV collectors include | Cadmium Telluride Gallium Copper |
| Solar thermal heating systems that do not employ mechanical devices are called | passive |
| Sustainable processes or developments are those that conserve this and preserve this in an equitable manner. | Energy Environment |
| A coal-fired power plant typically emits about BLANK kg of CO2 per MWh of electricity produced | 324 |
| a natural gas plant emits about BLANK of CO2 per kWh | 0.181 |
| In the U.S., automobiles typically emit about BLANK kg of CO2 per mile of travel | 0.43 |
| The amount it CO2 emitted per MBtu of of heat input to a natural gas boiler is about BLANK kg, and from a coal boiler it is about BLANK kg | 53 95 |
| World-wide, nuclear power accounts for about % of electricity generation capacity, and hydroelectric power accounts for about %. | 12 16 |
| Environmental concerns about carbon capture and storage include the possibilities BLANK and BLANK | Leaks Seismic Activity |
| Environmental concerns about hydraulic fracturing include the possibilities of BLANK and BLANK | Earthquakes Contaminate Groundwater |
| Safety concerns about nuclear power include the threat of BLANK and the possibility of BLANK | Core Meltdown Radioactive Material Release |
| Since the deployment of the first commercial nuclear power plant, there have been several serious accidents, including those at BLANK, BLANK , and BLANK . | Three Mile Island Chernobyl Fukushima Daiichi |
| The U.S. per capita CO2 emissions are about 19.0 tonnes. This statistic for China is BLANK tonnes, and for the world, about BLANK tonnes. | 6 4.6 |
| Factors influencing national CO2 emissions include population, energy intensity, BLANK and BLANK . | GDP Vehicle Miles Traveled |
| In the USA, % of total electricity production comes from fossil- fuel sources; about % comes from coal | 65 39 |
| The levelized annual cost of energy systems may include capital cost, BLANK cost and BLANK cost | Operation & Maintenance Fuel |
| In the USA, about % of total electricity production comes from renewable sources; about % comes from hydroelectric power | 13 7 |
| Recent developments in PV solar technology include thin films, nanotechnology, BLANK and BLANK . | Multi Junction PV Concentrating PV |
| The solar radiation intensity just above the atmosphere is about BLANK . The Global radation intensity at the earth's surface is about BLANK. | 1367 W/m2 700 W/m2 |
| Solar PV panel efficiencies range from about to %. The BLANK type cells tend to be more efficient than the BLANK type | 15 25 Crystalline Thin Film |
| Solar thermal power systems typically employ collectors and a to produce electrical energy | Solar Radiation Steam Turbine |
| Solar thermal heating systems that do not employ mechanical devices such as pumps or fans are called . | Passive |
| Two mathematical functions used to describe wind speed distribution are the and functions. | Weibull Rayleigh |
| In the momentum analysis of HAWTs the parameters a and a' represent the and , respectively. | axial induction factor radial induction factor |
| The wind turbine power coefficient is defined as the ratio of turbine power to the product of rotor swept area, , and . | Wind Density Wind Velocity |
| The wind turbine capacity factor is defined as the ratio of to . | Actual Annual Output Annual Rated Output |
| The Betz limit, equal to BLANK , is the theoretical maximum BLANK of a wind turbine. | 59.3% Power Extraction |
| The angle of attack of a wind turbine blade section is defined as the angle between the and the . | Relative Wind Velocity Airfoil Cross Section |
| The wind energy resource for a certain geographical area is characterized by the average at 50 m | Watts per m2 |
| Planned offshore wind turbine sites in the U.S. include , and . | Cape Wind Block Island |
| Wind power accounts for about % of U.S. electrical generating capacity, and produces about % of U.S. electrical energy | 7 3 |
| For utility scale wind turbine, a typical power coefficient is about , and a typical capacity factor is about . | 0.4 20-35% |
| The diagram that indicates the frequency distribution of wind speed for a particular site is called a BLANK . The diagram that indicates the frequency distribution of wind direction is called a BLANK . | histogram wind rose |
| Geothermal energy systems may be classified as direct use, , , or . | Hydrothermal Enhanced Geothermal Geo Heat Pumps |
| Whereas the earth core temperature is about deg C, geothermal heat is supplied at temperatures between about and . | 4000-5000 50-150C |
| Geothermal direct use applications include residential and district heating, industrial process heat, and | Agriculture Aquaculture |
| The types of geothermal electrical power plants include , , and . | Dry Steam Flash Steam Binary Cycle |
| Geothermal heat pumps operate on the cycle, in which a process produces a chilled fluid. | Vapor Compression Refrigeration |
| The coefficient of performance of a geothermal heat pump (heater) is defined as the ratio of the to the . | Qh Win |
| The second law efficiency of a geothermal heat pump can be estimated as the ratio of the to the . | (Win)REV Win |
| The thermal efficiency of a geothermal power system would typically be about % ; for a nuclear power plant the thermal efficiency is about % | 20 33 |
| Types of hydrothermal power systems include , and | Dry Steam Flash Steam Binary Cycle |
| Two important nuclear safety systems in case of a core meltdown are the and the . | Emergency Core Cooling Containment |
| Generation II type nuclear reactors include the type and type reactors. | Light Water Heavy Water |
| Generation III type nuclear reactors include the type and type reactors | Pebble Bed Modular Advanced Passive |
| Generation IV type nuclear reactor designs include the reactor and the reactor. | Gas Cooled Fast Sodium Cooled Fast |
| Uranium-238 decays by emitting a , also called an | alpha particle alpha decay |
| Examples of fissile fuels for PWR and LWR reactors are and . | Uranium Plutonium |
| The CANDU reactor uses heavy water as the and . One advantage of the HWR is . | Coolant moderator can use Natural Uranium |
| Nuclear power accounts for about % of U.S. electrical generating capacity, and produces about % of U.S. electrical energy | 10.1 19.4 |
| In the LWR nuclear reactor designs, the fuel rods contain the nuclear fuel, which is enriched , clad in a alloy casing | UO2 Zirconium |
| In the LWR nuclear reactor designs, the control rods are capable of absorbing without fissioning. Control rods are made from a wide variety of materials, for example . | neutrons high boron steel |
| The Fisher-Tropsch process uses specially designed to produce liquid biofuels from . | Catalyst Syngas |
| Some crops that can be used to produce liquid biofuels include corn, sugarcane, switchgrass, , , or . | Sorglum Willow Elephant Grass |
| In the USA, most fuel ethanol is produced from . The net energy balance for the ethanol production process is about %. | Corn 30 |
| Plant cells consist mainly of cellulose fibers, and | Cell Wall Hemicellulose |
| The chemical building block of cellulose is , which is an organic compound with a structure | glucose crystalline |
| The NEB ratio is defined as the ratio of to for the biofuel production process | Eout Ein |
| Anaerobic digestion is a process used to produce using . | biogas (methane) Organic Wastes |
| In biofuel production, the first step, in which cellulose is broken down to smaller organic molecules, is called | deconstruction |
| In the low temperature biofuel production processes, the biomass is first converted to , which are then | Sugars Fermented into Ethanol |
| In the high temperature biofuel production processes, the biomass is first converted to , in a device called the | Syngas Gasifier |
| Algae can be used to manufacture biofuels. An oil, called is produced, then later refined into a liquid fuel, for . | algal lipids bio diesel |
| The average fuel economy of U.S. automobiles is about mpg. The average fuel economy of the leading HEVs is about mpg | 22 45 |
| Currently, the total energy consumption by the transportation sector in the U.S. is about ; on-road vehicles account for about % of the total | 27Q 76 |
| The current CAFE standard for automobiles and light trucks is about mpg. This is scheduled to increase to mpg by the year 2025. | 27.5 54.5 |
| The transportation energy intensity is defined as for passenger transportation, and for freight. | Fuel Energy Consumed/Passangers x Distance Freight Mass x Distance/Fuel Volume |
| The transportation sector accounts for about of total U.S. energy consumption, and about of U.S. CO2 emissions | 28 33 |
| For road vehicles, the rolling resistance is proportional to velocity raised to the power ; aerodynamic drag force is proportional to velocity . | One Squared |
| In the U.S., on-road vehicles account for about % of transportation energy use, and air transportation account for about %. | 76 9 |
| Strategies for improving vehicle fuel efficiency include reducing vehicle weight and size, improving engine efficiency, and . | BSFC Aerodynamic |
| Urban mass transportation systems can be classified as heavy-rail transit , and . | Buses Trolly Ferry |
| The ideal (high ridership) energy intensity of rail passenger transportation systems is about ; this compares to about for air passenger transportation | 200 kJ/p-km 2000 kJ/p-km |
| The factors in ICEV design that are important for fuel economy include vehicle size, weight, drag coefficient , and . | BSFC Engine Efficiency |
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